Chronology of
יציאת מצרים YEẒIʾAT MIẒRAYIM (Exodus),
סיני SINAI, and entry
into ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL

Liberation from מצרים MIẒRAYIM began a journey toward covenant, shared institutions and a homeland. The narrative follows עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL through revelation, rebellion and renewal: neither escape from slavery nor receiving התורה HAʾTORA completed the work of becoming a people responsible for its own future.¹

The years follow received chronology, principally סדר עולם SEDER OLAM. Dates supplied by later traditions are identified; these are textual chronologies, not independently established historical years.

From slavery to liberation

ז׳ באדר ב׳שס״ח 7th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 2368Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

משה MOŜE was born under Egyptian rule.

ז׳ באדר ב׳שס״ח 7th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 2368: משה MOŜE was born under Egyptian rule.²

From slavery to liberation

משה MOŜE was born under Egyptian rule.

Blood

Frogs

The third plague brought insects from the dust; the court experts could not reproduce it.

The fourth plague

Pestilence struck Egyptian livestock.

Boils afflicted people and animals; the court experts could not stand before משה MOŜE.

Hail

Locusts consumed what remained after the hail.

Darkness halted movement while עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL had light.

Households of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL offered the first קרבן פסח KORBAN PESAḤ before leaving slavery.

The tenth plague struck Egypt's firstborn at midnight, before the departure of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL.

עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL crossed ים סוף YAM SUF; the pursuing Egyptian forces drowned.

A later tradition places the arrival at מרה MERA, where bitter water became drinkable.

A later tradition places the arrival at אילם ELIM, with its twelve springs and seventy palms.

The provisions brought from מצרים MIẒRAYIM ran out; dependence on manna followed.

Revelation and covenant

עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL encamped at הר סיני HAR SINAI.

שלושת ימי ההגבלה ŜLOŜET YEMEI HAʾHAGBALA began the preparation for revelation, continuing through the second and third days.

@Matan Tora] joined the liberated people to the covenant of השם HAʾSHEM (G-d).

Rupture and renewal

עגל הזהב EGEL HAʾZAHAV (the Golden Calf) was fashioned while משה MOŜE remained on the mountain.

משה MOŜE descended and shattered the first tablets.

רש״י RAŜI's sequence places the destruction of עגל הזהב EGEL HAʾZAHAV and punishment of its worshippers on this day.

סדר עולם SEDER OLAM places משה MOŜE's ascent to seek forgiveness for עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL on this day.[[[ רש״י RAŜI on Exodus instead gives [י״ט בתמוז ב׳תמ״ח 19th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 2448

משה MOŜE returned and prepared replacement tablets, ending the intercessory period in סדר עולם SEDER OLAM's sequence.

משה MOŜE ascended with the replacement tablets.

משה MOŜE returned with the second tablets and announced reconciliation.

Institutions and the wilderness crisis

המשכן HAʾMIŜKAN became the people's standing sanctuary.

Tribal dedication offerings began, continuing through י״ב בניסן ב׳תמ״ט 12th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 2449.

משה MOŜE and אהרן AHARON were commanded to count the men eligible for military service.

משה MOŜE sent twelve scouts into ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

The scouts' report provoked weeping and refusal to enter the land; the wilderness generation was condemned to die before entry.

A new generation enters the land

מרים MIRIAM died during the final wilderness year.

אהרן AHARON died; the founding generation's leadership continued to pass away.

משה MOŜE began his final address, preparing the people to live under the covenant in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

משה MOŜE died without entering the land.

יהושע YEHOSUA led עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL across נהר הירדן NEHAR HAʾYARDEN.

עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL offered קרבן פסח KORBAN PESAḤ at גלגל GILGAL, observing the liberation festival within ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

A later calendar tradition places the beginning of the seven-day encirclement of יריחו YERIḪO here.

In that later dating, יריחו YERIḪO fell to עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL under יהושע YEHOSUA.

Footnotes

משה MOŜE was born under Egyptian rule.

Blood

Frogs

The third plague brought insects from the dust; the court experts could not reproduce it.

The fourth plague

Pestilence struck Egyptian livestock.

Boils afflicted people and animals; the court experts could not stand before משה MOŜE.

Hail

Locusts consumed what remained after the hail.

Darkness halted movement while עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL had light.

Households of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL offered the first קרבן פסח KORBAN PESAḤ before leaving slavery.

The tenth plague struck Egypt's firstborn at midnight, before the departure of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL.

עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL crossed ים סוף YAM SUF; the pursuing Egyptian forces drowned.

A later tradition places the arrival at מרה MERA, where bitter water became drinkable.

A later tradition places the arrival at אילם ELIM, with its twelve springs and seventy palms.

The provisions brought from מצרים MIẒRAYIM ran out; dependence on manna followed.

עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL encamped at הר סיני HAR SINAI.

שלושת ימי ההגבלה ŜLOŜET YEMEI HAʾHAGBALA began the preparation for revelation, continuing through the second and third days.

@Matan Tora] joined the liberated people to the covenant of השם HAʾSHEM (G-d).

עגל הזהב EGEL HAʾZAHAV (the Golden Calf) was fashioned while משה MOŜE remained on the mountain.

משה MOŜE descended and shattered the first tablets.

רש״י RAŜI's sequence places the destruction of עגל הזהב EGEL HAʾZAHAV and punishment of its worshippers on this day.

סדר עולם SEDER OLAM places משה MOŜE's ascent to seek forgiveness for עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL on this day.[[[ רש״י RAŜI on Exodus instead gives [י״ט בתמוז ב׳תמ״ח 19th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 2448

משה MOŜE returned and prepared replacement tablets, ending the intercessory period in סדר עולם SEDER OLAM's sequence.

משה MOŜE ascended with the replacement tablets.

משה MOŜE returned with the second tablets and announced reconciliation.

המשכן HAʾMIŜKAN became the people's standing sanctuary.

Tribal dedication offerings began, continuing through י״ב בניסן ב׳תמ״ט 12th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 2449.

משה MOŜE and אהרן AHARON were commanded to count the men eligible for military service.

משה MOŜE sent twelve scouts into ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

The scouts' report provoked weeping and refusal to enter the land; the wilderness generation was condemned to die before entry.

מרים MIRIAM died during the final wilderness year.

אהרן AHARON died; the founding generation's leadership continued to pass away.

משה MOŜE began his final address, preparing the people to live under the covenant in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

משה MOŜE died without entering the land.