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in their struggle against Hadrian. The immediate cause of this decline, the author argues, lay in their legislation concerning marriage among themselves: the blood of the upper class and nobility mixed with the blood of the lower class, as their blood mixed with that of their female and male slaves, whom they circumcised and incorporated among themselves.

Their blood's mixture in this manner is said to appear clearly in the differences between the Jews of Spain and the kingdoms of the western Mediterranean and the strong eastern Jews of Mongolia, as well as between the Jews of Spain and their leaders in the time of Ferdinand the Catholic and the Jews of Hungary, Red Russia and Poland.

The Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews

Two Jewish groups retained their traditions and penetrated the life of the European peoples: the Jews of Spain, or Sephardi Jews, and the Jews of Germany, or Ashkenazi Jews. We will give a brief account of these two groups and their history.

A group of Jews went to Spain under the protection of ancient Rome, which then ruled it. They succeeded in settling there and lived beside the Goths, the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula.