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itself was said not to have been without a Jewish woman, Queen Buluma.

Those Jews who professed Christianity retained the financial and administrative positions they had held under Muslim rule. Among them were Luis de Santangel, counselor to King Ferdinand the Catholic, and Gabriel Sanchez, his chief secretary. Their sons succeeded them in these two offices. The archbishop in Portugal was originally a rabbi. They also played a dangerous role in the Church: the confessor to the king and queen was of Jewish origin and participated in establishing the Jesuit order.

Although they professed Christianity, they were not known to have intermarried with others. They remained intent on marrying one another and had their own church, called Iglesias de los Judios, "the Jewish church." None of them, the author claims, was among the leaders of the Spanish revolution of 1931, nor did they participate in it.

The Jews who left Spain following the 1492 decree went to Bordeaux, Amsterdam, Venice, Rome and Salonica, and established Jewish communities wherever they settled. Jews moved from Amsterdam into Hamburg and settled there, where the means of acquiring wealth became available to them. The language of all these new Jewish circles was Spanish or Portuguese, as were their names. The Jews of Spain