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or Protestant confession, are regarded as only a very small and rare number. Luther himself directed violent words against the Jews in two books devoted to them, in which he urged that their claims be rejected and that they be expelled from the country.

Beginning with Luther, two tendencies arose in the country in the movement against the Jews. The Catholic tendency represented the medieval view that the Jew who embraced Christianity and entered the company of Catholics was no longer a Jew but a Catholic like all other believing Catholics. The Catholic movement against the Jews therefore proceeded from religious doctrine without consideration of race or anything else. The second tendency, that of the Protestant confessions, regarded a Jew as a Jew even if he entered Christianity. This is what led Luther, the leader of this confession, to write two books against the Jews despite Jews' adoption of Protestantism.

Many of them joined the family of clergy and missionaries around 1820. They entered theological schools and volunteered in large numbers for missionary posts. These recent converts to Christianity soon became missionary priests and professors of theology. They resembled those Polish Jews who had been in Berlin only a few months before attempting to teach German as a means of livelihood. They likewise rose to the forefront of preachers in fame and influence. In 1820 their position in the German Protestant states grew strong and they attained great standing.