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and characteristics. Whether this advice is correctly attributed to agents of Zion or to others, the author says, Jews do everything in their power to realize it. From ancient Rome to the present they have supposedly been the leaven of economic dissolution in every land where they settle.

Napoleon permitted them in 1800 to join Freemasonry and establish Jewish Masonic lodges in the Rhineland. In 1808 Freiherr vom Stein, once an enemy of the Jews, granted them rights of residence in Prussia. In 1823 Weimar permitted intermarriage between them and Christians, prompting Chancellor Muller and his friend Goethe to urge a forceful protest.

A group of leading Germans encouraged the writer Fichte to oppose and attack the Jews. In 1793 he wrote: "A powerful and relentless hostile movement is sweeping across the lands of Europe today: the Jewish movement. This movement aims not merely to join the links of the Jewish chain together; it also aims to incite hatred of the other peoples. That is its slogan and the purpose of its plan. They may receive their human rights. As for civil rights, they cannot obtain them unless in one night we cut off all their heads and replace them with heads containing no Jewish idea."

The revolution of 1848 and the period that followed nearly resulted in the Jews' complete destruction and expulsion