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if they saw some advantage for themselves with an enemy, to go over to him without regard for any rule of morality or the loyalty they owed the peoples among whom they lived.

We explained above how Jews intervened in literary life, culture, music and the different arts. They went beyond all this to intervene in German public political life. The first Jews to begin carrying out this plan were converts to Christianity, foremost among them men such as Stahl and Simson. Since Karl Marx was virtually a Jewish convert--in fact the son of a Jewish convert--he knew how to strike their sensitive chord and address them while wearing the garment of Judaism and casting off the robe of Christianity.

Stahl held an important governorship, while Simson occupied a high judicial position, then became president of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, president of the Reichstag and finally president of the Supreme Court in Leipzig. Simson twice presented the German imperial crown to Kaiser Wilhelm, king of Prussia and emperor of Germany, in 1849 and 1871.

At the same time that the Sephardi Jew Benjamin Disraeli, later Lord Beaconsfield, was prime minister in England, Gambetta was prominent in France and Luzzatti in Italy. Although they were all active in England, France and Italy in the same era, no Jew in imperial Germany at that time held the office of