Chronology of
Arabic Nazism

Symbolic collage with a microphone, printing roller, radio dials, wires, and a transmission mast.
Symbolic collage for the chronology of Arabic Nazism. AI-generated illustration for TJD, 2026-09-07.

Arabic Nazism encompasses Nazi propaganda in Arabic, Arab adoption of Nazi ideology and collaboration with Nazi Germany. This chronology follows named writers, broadcasters and leaders from ideological circulation through wartime alliance to postwar rehabilitation. It also identifies Arabic rebuttals: publication, endorsement and collaboration are distinct acts.1

The chronology of antizionism follows the broader history of opposition to self-determination by יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL. Here, the focus is the documented Nazi connections within that history: collaboration, ideological transmission and later glorification.

Before World War II

י׳ בניסן ה׳תרצ״ב 10th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5692Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Falastin analyzed Adolf Hitler’s Jew-hatred, dictatorship and territorial program, rejecting his policy as a path to peace.

י׳ בניסן ה׳תרצ״ב 10th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5692: Falastin analyzed Adolf Hitler’s Jew-hatred, dictatorship and territorial program, rejecting his policy as a path to peace.2

ד׳ בניסן ה׳תרצ״ג 4th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5693Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

German consul Heinrich Wolff reported that محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI welcomed Nazi rule and hoped fascist government would spread.

ד׳ בניסן ה׳תרצ״ג 4th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5693: German consul Heinrich Wolff reported that محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI welcomed Nazi rule and hoped fascist government would spread.3

א׳ בחשוון ה׳תרצ״ד 1st 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5694Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

يونس السبعاوي YUNUS AS-SABAWI began serializing Arabic excerpts from Mein Kampf in a Baghdad newspaper.

א׳ בחשוון ה׳תרצ״ד 1st 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5694: يونس السبعاوي YUNUS AS-SABAWI began serializing Arabic excerpts from Mein Kampf in a Baghdad newspaper.4

ה׳ באב ה׳תרצ״ד 5th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5694Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A Falastin columnist claimed widespread Arab sympathy for Adolf Hitler’s Germany while rejecting a German mandate.

ה׳ באב ה׳תרצ״ד 5th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5694: A Falastin columnist claimed widespread Arab sympathy for Adolf Hitler’s Germany while rejecting a German mandate.5

أحمد محمود الساداتي AḤMAD MAḤMUD AS-SADATI’s Arabic account of Adolf Hitler included forty-six pages justifying Nazi Jew-hatred; its preface is dated July 1934.6

כ״ט בכסלו ה׳תרצ״ה 29th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

al-Difaʿ circulated Alfred Rosenberg’s false defense of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as an authentic conspiracy by יהודים YEHUDIM.

כ״ט בכסלו ה׳תרצ״ה 29th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5695: al-Difaʿ circulated Alfred Rosenberg’s false defense of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as an authentic conspiracy by יהודים YEHUDIM.7

ח׳ באייר ה׳תרצ״ה 8th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Falastin reported Bern testimony exposing the Protocols as a forgery and discrediting a Nazi expert.

ח׳ באייר ה׳תרצ״ה 8th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5695: Falastin reported Bern testimony exposing the Protocols as a forgery and discrediting a Nazi expert.8

The same Arabic press sphere carried Nazi forgery claims and evidence against them; circulation did not make endorsement inevitable.

י״א בתמוז ה׳תרצ״ו 11th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5696Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi Germany clarified its racial laws for Egypt and Iran while keeping יהודים YEHUDIM excluded.

י״א בתמוז ה׳תרצ״ו 11th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5696: Nazi Germany clarified its racial laws for Egypt and Iran while keeping יהודים YEHUDIM excluded.9

י״א באלול ה׳תרצ״ז 11th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5697Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

An anonymous Cairo pamphlet portrayed יהודים YEHUDIM as Islam’s eternal enemies; Nazi Germany subsequently republished it.

י״א באלול ה׳תרצ״ז 11th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5697: An anonymous Cairo pamphlet portrayed יהודים YEHUDIM as Islam’s eternal enemies; Nazi Germany subsequently republished it.10

UndatedPrecision: undated · Basis: not-assessed

عبد־الرحمن بدوي ABD-AR-RAḤMAN BADAWI later described his summer 1938 articles for Young Egypt

عبد־الرحمن بدوي ABD-AR-RAḤMAN BADAWI later described his summer 1938 articles for Young Egypt as drawing on Nazi texts and treating Nazi Germany as a political model.11

אלול ה׳תרצ״ח Elul, AM 5698Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Thirty al-Futuwwa members from the Kingdom of Iraq attended the Nuremberg rally and toured Germany as Hitler Youth guests.

אלול ה׳תרצ״ח Elul, AM 5698: Thirty al-Futuwwa members from the Kingdom of Iraq attended the Nuremberg rally and toured Germany as Hitler Youth guests.12

כ״ו בתשרי ה׳תרצ״ט 26th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5699Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Falastin summarized Mein Kampf, foregrounding dictatorship, racial supremacy, expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM and conquest.

כ״ו בתשרי ה׳תרצ״ט 26th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5699: Falastin summarized Mein Kampf, foregrounding dictatorship, racial supremacy, expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM and conquest.13

כ״ו בתשרי ה׳תרצ״ט 26th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5699Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The same issue reported Italian fascist threats against יהודים YEHUDIM in the Kingdom of Italy over opposition abroad.

כ״ו בתשרי ה׳תרצ״ט 26th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5699: The same issue reported Italian fascist threats against יהודים YEHUDIM in the Kingdom of Italy over opposition abroad.14

Radio Berlin and the opening of war, 1939–1940

ט׳ באדר ה׳תרצ״ט 9th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 5699Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Joseph Goebbels recorded plans for broadcasts in English, Arabic and Irish intended to pressure the English Empire.

ט׳ באדר ה׳תרצ״ט 9th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 5699: Joseph Goebbels recorded plans for broadcasts in English, Arabic and Irish intended to pressure the English Empire.15

אדר ה׳תרצ״ט Adar, AM 5699Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

During the week beginning 20 March 1939, listeners in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL heard experimental Nazi Arabic broadcasts from Radio Berlin.

אדר ה׳תרצ״ט Adar, AM 5699: During the week beginning 20 March 1939, listeners in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL heard experimental Nazi Arabic broadcasts from Radio Berlin.16

י״ח בניסן ה׳תרצ״ט 18th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5699Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

يونس بحري YUNUS BAḤRI later dated his first Arabic broadcast from Berlin to 7 April 1939.

י״ח בניסן ה׳תרצ״ט 18th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5699: يونس بحري YUNUS BAḤRI later dated his first Arabic broadcast from Berlin to 7 April 1939.17

ה׳ באייר ה׳תרצ״ט 5th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5699Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Radio Berlin began regular evening Arabic news broadcasts, according to Goldenbaum’s reconstruction.

ה׳ באייר ה׳תרצ״ט 5th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5699: Radio Berlin began regular evening Arabic news broadcasts, according to Goldenbaum’s reconstruction.18

כ״ד בתשרי ה׳ת״ש 24th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5700Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

An Arab informant reported Arabs listening to a Nazi Arabic broadcast around a יפו YAFO café and from nearby balconies.

כ״ד בתשרי ה׳ת״ש 24th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5700: An Arab informant reported Arabs listening to a Nazi Arabic broadcast around a יפו YAFO café and from nearby balconies.19

כ״ג בניסן ה׳ת״ש 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5700Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد نجاتي صدقي MOHAMED NAJATI SIDQI dated the preface to his Arabic book arguing that Islam and Nazism were incompatible.

כ״ג בניסן ה׳ת״ש 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5700: محمد نجاتي صدقي MOHAMED NAJATI SIDQI dated the preface to his Arabic book arguing that Islam and Nazism were incompatible.20

World War II

ד׳ בניסן ה׳תש״א 4th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

In the Kingdom of Iraq, the Golden Square forced طه الهاشمي TAHA AL-HAŜIMI's resignation and returned راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI to power.

ד׳ בניסן ה׳תש״א 4th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5701: In the Kingdom of Iraq, the Golden Square forced طه الهاشمي TAHA AL-HAŜIMI's resignation and returned راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI to power.21

י״ב באייר ה׳תש״א 12th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI called Muslims through Baghdad radio to support the Kingdom of Iraq’s holy war against the English Empire.

י״ב באייר ה׳תש״א 12th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5701: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI called Muslims through Baghdad radio to support the Kingdom of Iraq’s holy war against the English Empire.22

UndatedPrecision: undated · Basis: not-assessed

May 1941

May 1941: Walter Gross presented Nazi Jew-hatred as compatible with respect for Arabs while demanding the removal of יהודים YEHUDIM from Europe.23

ט״ז באייר ה׳תש״א 16th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

An Axis-arranged arms train reached Mosul after Nazi aircraft began arriving to sustain راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI’s government.

ט״ז באייר ה׳תש״א 16th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5701: An Axis-arranged arms train reached Mosul after Nazi aircraft began arriving to sustain راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI’s government.24

ג׳ בסיון ה׳תש״א 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Baghdad radio summoned the Youth Battalions; four hundred rifles and ammunition were distributed the next morning.

ג׳ בסיון ה׳תש״א 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5701: Baghdad radio summoned the Youth Battalions; four hundred rifles and ammunition were distributed the next morning.25

ה׳ בסיון ה׳תש״א 5th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Officials of the Kingdom of Iraq signed an armistice after راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI and محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI fled Baghdad.

ה׳ בסיון ה׳תש״א 5th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5701: Officials of the Kingdom of Iraq signed an armistice after راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI and محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI fled Baghdad.26

ו׳ בסיון ה׳תש״א 6th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Soldiers, police and civilians attacked יהודים YEHUDIM in Baghdad during שבועות ŜAVUʾOT, killing, raping and looting after the Nazi-supported government’s collapse.

ו׳ בסיון ה׳תש״א 6th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5701: Soldiers, police and civilians attacked יהודים YEHUDIM in Baghdad during שבועות ŜAVUʾOT, killing, raping and looting after the Nazi-supported government’s collapse.27

י״ג בתמוז ה׳תש״א 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Kingdom of Iraq's inquiry identified propaganda, radio, youth organizations, soldiers and police among the Farhud's causes.

י״ג בתמוז ה׳תש״א 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5701: The Kingdom of Iraq's inquiry identified propaganda, radio, youth organizations, soldiers and police among the Farhud's causes.28

ו׳ בחשוון ה׳תש״ב 6th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI asked Benito Mussolini for Arab independence, arms and abolition of the national home for יהודים YEHUDIM.

ו׳ בחשוון ה׳תש״ב 6th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5702: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI asked Benito Mussolini for Arab independence, arms and abolition of the national home for יהודים YEHUDIM.29

ח׳ בכסלו ה׳תש״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI offered Joachim von Ribbentrop revolt, sabotage and an Arab Legion while requesting an Axis declaration.

ח׳ בכסלו ה׳תש״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5702: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI offered Joachim von Ribbentrop revolt, sabotage and an Arab Legion while requesting an Axis declaration.30

ח׳ בכסלו ה׳תש״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Adolf Hitler gave محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI a conditional promise to destroy the population of יהודים YEHUDIM in the Arab region under English protection.

ח׳ בכסלו ה׳תש״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5702: Adolf Hitler gave محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI a conditional promise to destroy the population of יהודים YEHUDIM in the Arab region under English protection.31

ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ב 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A Nazi Arabic broadcast addressed Arabs in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL and presented محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI's presence in Berlin as a path to liberation.

ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ב 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5702: A Nazi Arabic broadcast addressed Arabs in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL and presented محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI's presence in Berlin as a path to liberation.32

י״א באייר ה׳תש״ב 11th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi Germany promised fellow antizionists محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI and راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI support for destroying the national home for יהודים YEHUDIM.

י״א באייר ה׳תש״ב 11th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5702: Nazi Germany promised fellow antizionists محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI and راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI support for destroying the national home for יהודים YEHUDIM.33

כ״ג בתמוז ה׳תש״ב 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Berlin-produced Voice of Free Arabism called on Arabs in Syria, the Kingdom of Iraq and ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL to kill יהודים YEHUDIM.

כ״ג בתמוז ה׳תש״ב 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5702: The Berlin-produced Voice of Free Arabism called on Arabs in Syria, the Kingdom of Iraq and ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL to kill יהודים YEHUDIM.34

ט״ו באב ה׳תש״ב 15th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi Germany dispatched Einsatzkommando Egypt to await a possible advance toward the Kingdom of Egypt and ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

ט״ו באב ה׳תש״ב 15th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5702: Nazi Germany dispatched Einsatzkommando Egypt to await a possible advance toward the Kingdom of Egypt and ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.35

ו׳ בחשוון ה׳תש״ג 6th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI asked Nazi racial officials whether their policy targeted Arabs; Walter Gross replied by separating Arabs from the Jews whom Nazi Germany persecuted.

ו׳ בחשוון ה׳תש״ג 6th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5703: راشد علي الكيلاني RASID ALI AL-GAYLANI asked Nazi racial officials whether their policy targeted Arabs; Walter Gross replied by separating Arabs from the Jews whom Nazi Germany persecuted.36

י״ב בחשוון ה׳תש״ג 12th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi Arabic radio broadcast the racial assurance addressed to Arabs.

י״ב בחשוון ה׳תש״ג 12th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5703: Nazi Arabic radio broadcast the racial assurance addressed to Arabs.37

כ״ד בחשוון ה׳תש״ג 24th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A German Foreign Ministry spokesman publicly claimed that Nazi racial policy targeted יהודים YEHUDIM, not Arabs.

כ״ד בחשוון ה׳תש״ג 24th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5703: A German Foreign Ministry spokesman publicly claimed that Nazi racial policy targeted יהודים YEHUDIM, not Arabs.38

UndatedPrecision: undated · Basis: not-assessed

Late 1942

Late 1942: The Arabic Nazi propaganda paper Barid al-Sharq printed the al-Gaylani-Gross correspondence after 11 November.39

י׳ בטבת ה׳תש״ג 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI delivered a Jew-hating speech at the Islamic Central Institute in Berlin.

י׳ בטבת ה׳תש״ג 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI delivered a Jew-hating speech at the Islamic Central Institute in Berlin.40

ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ג 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A Nazi Arabic newscast transmitted محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI's Berlin speech to the Arab world.

ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ג 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5703: A Nazi Arabic newscast transmitted محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI's Berlin speech to the Arab world.41

כ״ג באדר ב׳ ה׳תש״ג 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Adar II, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI began an SS-sponsored journey through Bosnia during Waffen-SS recruitment.

כ״ג באדר ב׳ ה׳תש״ג 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Adar II, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI began an SS-sponsored journey through Bosnia during Waffen-SS recruitment.42

א׳ באייר ה׳תש״ג 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Kingdom of Bulgaria to prevent 4,000 children of יהודים YEHUDIM and 500 adults from reaching ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

א׳ באייר ה׳תש״ג 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Kingdom of Bulgaria to prevent 4,000 children of יהודים YEHUDIM and 500 adults from reaching ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.43

ח׳ באייר ה׳תש״ג 8th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI asked Joachim von Ribbentrop to stop Balkan יהודים YEHUDIM from reaching ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

ח׳ באייר ה׳תש״ג 8th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI asked Joachim von Ribbentrop to stop Balkan יהודים YEHUDIM from reaching ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.44

י״ד באייר ה׳תש״ג 14th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Radio Berlin defended Nazi Jew-hating laws and presented them as a model for confronting יהודים YEHUDIM.

י״ד באייר ה׳תש״ג 14th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703: Radio Berlin defended Nazi Jew-hating laws and presented them as a model for confronting יהודים YEHUDIM.45

ז׳ בסיון ה׳תש״ג 7th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Fascist government of the Kingdom of Italy to block rescue routes from the Balkans to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

ז׳ בסיון ה׳תש״ג 7th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Fascist government of the Kingdom of Italy to block rescue routes from the Balkans to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.46

כ״ה בסיון ה׳תש״ג 25th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Kingdom of Romania to send children of יהודים YEHUDIM to Nazi-occupied Poland instead of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

כ״ה בסיון ה׳תש״ג 25th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Kingdom of Romania to send children of יהודים YEHUDIM to Nazi-occupied Poland instead of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.47

כ״ה בסיון ה׳תש״ג 25th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Kingdom of Hungary to send children of יהודים YEHUDIM to Nazi-occupied Poland instead of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL, into the territory of mass extermination.

כ״ה בסיון ה׳תש״ג 25th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged the Kingdom of Hungary to send children of יהודים YEHUDIM to Nazi-occupied Poland instead of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL, into the territory of mass extermination.48

These interventions joined opposition to a national home for יהודים YEHUDIM to demands that European governments close their escape routes.

א׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ג 1st 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A photograph cataloged to this date records محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI with Heinrich Himmler; the meeting is also dated to the preceding day.

א׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ג 1st 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5703: A photograph cataloged to this date records محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI with Heinrich Himmler; the meeting is also dated to the preceding day.49

ז׳ בתשרי ה׳תש״ד 7th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI wished Heinrich Himmler success and closer cooperation toward their shared goals.

ז׳ בתשרי ה׳תש״ד 7th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5704: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI wished Heinrich Himmler success and closer cooperation toward their shared goals.50

ד׳ בחשוון ה׳תש״ד 4th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Heinrich Himmler proclaimed Nazi Germany’s fight against יהודים YEHUDIM and Arab opposition to their national restoration a natural alliance.

ד׳ בחשוון ה׳תש״ד 4th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5704: Heinrich Himmler proclaimed Nazi Germany’s fight against יהודים YEHUDIM and Arab opposition to their national restoration a natural alliance.51

ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ד 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Radio Berlin rejected cooperation between Arabs and יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL as surrender and betrayal.

ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ד 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5704: Radio Berlin rejected cooperation between Arabs and יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL as surrender and betrayal.52

ג׳ בשבט ה׳תש״ד 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Radio Berlin portrayed Arabs and Muslims as fighting a racial and religious war with יהודים YEHUDIM.

ג׳ בשבט ה׳תש״ד 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5704: Radio Berlin portrayed Arabs and Muslims as fighting a racial and religious war with יהודים YEHUDIM.53

ט׳ באדר ה׳תש״ד 9th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI used a Nazi Arabic broadcast to call on Arabs to kill יהודים YEHUDIM wherever they found them.

ט׳ באדר ה׳תש״ד 9th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 5704: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI used a Nazi Arabic broadcast to call on Arabs to kill יהודים YEHUDIM wherever they found them.54

כ׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ד 20th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi officials’ planned International Anti-Jewish Congress in Krakow never met; they had canceled it in June.

כ׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ד 20th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5704: Nazi officials’ planned International Anti-Jewish Congress in Krakow never met; they had canceled it in June.55

ט״ז בתשרי ה׳תש״ה 16th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5705Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI proposed an Arab-Muslim army to fight beside Nazi Germany.

ט״ז בתשרי ה׳תש״ה 16th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5705: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI proposed an Arab-Muslim army to fight beside Nazi Germany.56

י״ט בתשרי ה׳תש״ה 19th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5705Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A Nazi German-Arab commando parachuted near יריחו YERIḪO during Operation Atlas.

י״ט בתשרי ה׳תש״ה 19th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5705: A Nazi German-Arab commando parachuted near יריחו YERIḪO during Operation Atlas.57

י״ג באייר ה׳תש״ה 13th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5705Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Soviet forces occupied the Zeesen transmitter complex after its remaining personnel had shut down the stations.

י״ג באייר ה׳תש״ה 13th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5705: Soviet forces occupied the Zeesen transmitter complex after its remaining personnel had shut down the stations.58

After World War II

The postwar record includes collaborators' continuing careers, reuse of a forgery promoted by Nazi propaganda, and explicit defenses of Hitler's persecution. These are distinct connections: a later actor's own words and conduct establish the relationship, not chronology alone.

ט״ז בניסן ה׳תש״ו 16th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5706Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

حسن البنا ḤASAN AL-BANA thanked French authorities for shielding محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI from the English Empire.

ט״ז בניסן ה׳תש״ו 16th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5706: حسن البنا ḤASAN AL-BANA thanked French authorities for shielding محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI from the English Empire.59

כ״ח באייר ה׳תש״ו 28th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5706Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI escaped French custody and reached Cairo under an alias.

כ״ח באייר ה׳תש״ו 28th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5706: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI escaped French custody and reached Cairo under an alias.60

י״ב בסיון ה׳תש״ו 12th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5706Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A Muslim Brotherhood bulletin celebrated محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI's return and his wartime alliance with Adolf Hitler.

י״ב בסיון ה׳תש״ו 12th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5706: A Muslim Brotherhood bulletin celebrated محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI's return and his wartime alliance with Adolf Hitler.61

Nazi defeat ended the Berlin alliance, but the Muslim Brotherhood could still turn that alliance into political prestige.

כ״ה בכסלו ה׳תש״ח 25th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Former Operation Atlas commando حسن سلامة ḤASAN SALAMA led an assault on the Hatikvah neighborhood of תל אביב TEL AVIV.

כ״ה בכסלו ה׳תש״ח 25th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5708: Former Operation Atlas commando حسن سلامة ḤASAN SALAMA led an assault on the Hatikvah neighborhood of תל אביב TEL AVIV.62

כ״ה באדר א׳ ה׳תש״ח 25th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

فوزي القاوقجي FAWZI AL-QAWUQJI, who had served the Axis cause in wartime Iraq and spent the remaining war in Germany, entered ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL commanding the Arab Liberation Army.

כ״ה באדר א׳ ה׳תש״ח 25th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5708: فوزي القاوقجي FAWZI AL-QAWUQJI, who had served the Axis cause in wartime Iraq and spent the remaining war in Germany, entered ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL commanding the Arab Liberation Army.63

אלול ה׳תש״ח Elul, AM 5708Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi fugitive Franz Stangl reached Damascus and found textile employment after escaping European custody.

אלול ה׳תש״ח Elul, AM 5708: Nazi fugitive Franz Stangl reached Damascus and found textile employment after escaping European custody. Elul is an estimated placement within the reported September arrival.64

חשוון ה׳תש״ט Ḥeŝvan, AM 5709Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi fugitive Walter Rauff left Italy for Syria around mid-November, subsequently reported as a Syrian government military adviser.

חשוון ה׳תש״ט Ḥeŝvan, AM 5709: Nazi fugitive Walter Rauff left Italy for Syria around mid-November, subsequently reported as a Syrian government military adviser.65

י״ז בתמוז ה׳תשי״א 17th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5711Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi intelligence officer Wilhelm Beisner arrived in Cairo, where he renewed wartime contacts and pursued arms business.

י״ז בתמוז ה׳תשי״א 17th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5711: Nazi intelligence officer Wilhelm Beisner arrived in Cairo, where he renewed wartime contacts and pursued arms business.66

כ״א בטבת ה׳תשי״ג 21st 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5713Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

JTA identified former SS executive Wilhelm Voss as an Egyptian government adviser serving in a trade delegation.

כ״א בטבת ה׳תשי״ג 21st 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5713: JTA identified former SS executive Wilhelm Voss as an Egyptian government adviser serving in a trade delegation.67

ט׳ בתשרי ה׳תשי״ד 9th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5714Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

أنور السادات ANWAR AS-SADAT saluted Hitler in a hypothetical letter, preserving admiration for the dictator after Nazi Germany's defeat.

ט׳ בתשרי ה׳תשי״ד 9th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5714: أنور السادات ANWAR AS-SADAT saluted Hitler in a hypothetical letter, preserving admiration for the dictator after Nazi Germany's defeat.68

ו׳ בתמוז ה׳תשי״ד 6th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5714Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

An intelligence record cited by later historians concerns Nazi official Joachim Deumling's Egyptian employment.

ו׳ בתמוז ה׳תשי״ד 6th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5714: An intelligence record cited by later historians concerns Nazi official Joachim Deumling's Egyptian employment. This provisional placement dates the report, not his appointment.69

כ״ג בניסן ה׳תשט״ו 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5715Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

JTA reported Nazi official Franz Rademacher living and conducting business in Damascus under an assumed name.

כ״ג בניסן ה׳תשט״ו 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5715: JTA reported Nazi official Franz Rademacher living and conducting business in Damascus under an assumed name.70

כ״ג באלול ה׳תשט״ז 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5716Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

JTA reported Nazi propagandist Johann von Leers employed by Egypt's Ministry of National Guidance.

כ״ג באלול ה׳תשט״ז 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5716: JTA reported Nazi propagandist Johann von Leers employed by Egypt's Ministry of National Guidance.71

אב ה׳תשי״ח Av, AM 5718Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Egypt retracted its claim to hold Nazi fugitive Hans Eisele, leaving the extradition effort without a prisoner to surrender.

אב ה׳תשי״ח Av, AM 5718: Egypt retracted its claim to hold Nazi fugitive Hans Eisele, leaving the extradition effort without a prisoner to surrender.72

כ״ה בשבט ה׳תש״מ 25th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5740Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Arab Republic of Egypt remained a Nazi refuge: Aribert Heim's dated letter requested renewed residence under a changed identity.

כ״ה בשבט ה׳תש״מ 25th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5740: The Arab Republic of Egypt remained a Nazi refuge: Aribert Heim's dated letter requested renewed residence under a changed identity.73

5742Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

5742

5742: محمود عباس MAḤMUD ʿABBAS defended a dissertation on alleged secret relations between Nazi Germany and the Zionist movement. Its original text must be distinguished from his later Arabic book.74

כ״ז בחשוון ה׳תשמ״ו 27th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5746Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

TIME reported on Nazi perpetrator Alois Brunner's unrepentant Jew-hatred and continued refuge in Syria, drawing on Bunte's interview.

כ״ז בחשוון ה׳תשמ״ו 27th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5746: TIME reported on Nazi perpetrator Alois Brunner's unrepentant Jew-hatred and continued refuge in Syria, drawing on Bunte's interview.75

ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

حماس ḤAMĀS's charter invoked The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as evidence of a worldwide conspiracy.

ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748: حماس ḤAMĀS's charter invoked The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as evidence of a worldwide conspiracy. The forgery predates Nazism but was promoted by Nazi propaganda; this is textual reuse, not a direct quotation from Hitler.76

כ״ז באלול ה׳תשנ״ט 27th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5759Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

AFP documented Arabic Mein Kampf sales at a Ramallah bookshop: sixth on that shop's list, with fewer than ten copies sold weekly.

כ״ז באלול ה׳תשנ״ט 27th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5759: AFP documented Arabic Mein Kampf sales at a Ramallah bookshop: sixth on that shop's list, with fewer than ten copies sold weekly.77

שבט ה׳תשס״ט Ŝʾvat, AM 5769Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

يوسف القرضاوي YUSUF AL-QARAḌAWI presented Hitler's murder of יהודים YEHUDIM as divine punishment and anticipated another punishment delivered by believers.

שבט ה׳תשס״ט Ŝʾvat, AM 5769: يوسف القرضاوي YUSUF AL-QARAḌAWI presented Hitler's murder of יהודים YEHUDIM as divine punishment and anticipated another punishment delivered by believers.78

כ׳ באייר ה׳תשס״ט 20th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5769Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

وفاء موسى WAFAʾ MUSA told viewers of حماس ḤAMĀS's Al-Aqsa TV that יהודים YEHUDIM deserved Hitler's annihilation of them.

כ׳ באייר ה׳תשס״ט 20th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5769: وفاء موسى WAFAʾ MUSA told viewers of حماس ḤAMĀS's Al-Aqsa TV that יהודים YEHUDIM deserved Hitler's annihilation of them.79

כ״ג בחשוון ה׳תשע״ו 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5776Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Reuters reporting on Gaza's Hitler 2 clothing shop paired knife-bearing mannequins with a speaker's explicit admiration for Hitler's Jew-hatred.

כ״ג בחשוון ה׳תשע״ו 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5776: Reuters reporting on Gaza's Hitler 2 clothing shop paired knife-bearing mannequins with a speaker's explicit admiration for Hitler's Jew-hatred.80

ז׳ באלול ה׳תשפ״ג 7th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5783Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمود عباس MAḤMUD ʿABBAS blamed יהודים YEHUDIM's supposed economic conduct for Hitler's persecution in a speech to Fatah's Revolutionary Council.

ז׳ באלול ה׳תשפ״ג 7th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5783: محمود عباس MAḤMUD ʿABBAS blamed יהודים YEHUDIM's supposed economic conduct for Hitler's persecution in a speech to Fatah's Revolutionary Council.81

Footnotes

  1. Goldenbaum, Nationalsozialismus als Antikolonialismus,; Nicosia, Nazi Germany and the Arab World,; Ṣidqī, Islamic Traditions and Nazi Principles,; Herf, Israel's Moment,.
  2. Falastin, هتلر والهتلرية,.
  3. Nicosia, Nazi Germany and the Arab World, p. 72.
  4. Wien on al-Sabawi's Mein Kampf serial, p. 102.
  5. Falastin, عطف العرب على ألمانيا,.
  6. Al-Sādātī, Adūlf Hitlar, introduction and pp. 74–119. The preface supplies no publication day or single Hebrew month.
  7. al-Difaʿ, بروتوكولات حكماء صهيون,.
  8. Falastin, قضية بروتوكولات حكماء صهيون,.
  9. German Foreign Office, racial-law meeting, 1 July 1936, document 113; Herf, Nazi Germany and the Arab and Muslim World, printed pp. 8–9.
  10. Küntzel, Nazi Propaganda in the Middle East,.
  11. Badawī, Sīrat ḥayātī, vol. 1, vol. 1, pp. 93–94. Retrospective memoir; original issue dates remain unverified.
  12. Alexander on al-Futuwwa in Nazi Germany, p. 82.
  13. Falastin, خلاصة «كفاحي»,.
  14. Falastin, اليهود يلعبون بالنار,.
  15. Goebbels, Die Tagebücher, 1938–1939, p. 270.
  16. Goldenbaum, Nationalsozialismus als Antikolonialismus,.
  17. Bahri, Huna Berlin! part 1,.
  18. Goldenbaum, Nationalsozialismus als Antikolonialismus, pp. 452–453. Other accounts give 25 April rather than 24 April 1939.
  19. Wildangel, Zwischen Achse und Mandatsmacht,.
  20. Ṣidqī, Islamic Traditions and Nazi Principles, pp. 4–5; the date belongs to the preface, not an independently documented publication day.
  21. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, The Farhud,.
  22. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni,.
  23. Gross, On Solving the Jewish Question,.
  24. Playfair, The Mediterranean and Middle East, vol. 2, pp. 195–196.
  25. Kazzaz, The Farhud,.
  26. Playfair, The Mediterranean and Middle East, vol. 2,.
  27. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, The Farhud,.
  28. Kárpáti dissertation on the Farhud, p. 105 n. 331; Kazzaz, The Farhud,.
  29. Al-Husayni summary, 31 October 1941,.
  30. DGFP, Series D, vol. XIII,.
  31. DGFP, Series D, vol. XIII,.
  32. JTA, German Radio Tells Palestine Arabs,.
  33. Ribbentrop to al-Husayni, 28 April 1942,.
  34. Herf, Nazi Germany and the Arab and Muslim World, pp. 28–29, nn. 69–70. The monitor gives 7 July 1942, 8:15 p.m. Cairo time, after sunset: כ״ג בתמוז ה׳תש״ב 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5702.
  35. Mallmann and Cüppers, Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,.
  36. Wildangel, The Invention of ‘Islamofascism,’ pp. 534–536.
  37. Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World, chap. 8.
  38. Nazis Reassure Arabs,.
  39. Wildangel, The Invention of ‘Islamofascism,’ pp. 535–536.
  40. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist,.
  41. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist,.
  42. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist,.
  43. American Jewish Archives, al-Husayni dossier, exhibit D, pp. 19–20.
  44. NARA, M946 guide, WA 20, WA20, pp. 8–9.
  45. Herf, Hitlers Dschihad, document 9, pp. 279–280.
  46. American Jewish Archives, al-Husayni dossier, exhibit H, pp. 24–25.
  47. American Jewish Archives, al-Husayni dossier, exhibit E, p. 21.
  48. American Jewish Archives, al-Husayni dossier, exhibit F, p. 22; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist,.
  49. National Library of Israel, Himmler–al-Husayni photograph,; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist,.
  50. Höpp, Mufti-Papiere, document 87, p. 187.
  51. Fishman, The Recent Discovery of Heinrich Himmler’s Telegram, pp. 77–81.
  52. Herf, Hitlers Dschihad, document 10, p. 280.
  53. Herf, Hitlers Dschihad, document 11, pp. 280–281.
  54. Herf, Hitlers Dschihad, document 13, p. 284.
  55. Nuremberg document 1752-PS,. The route identifies the planned 11 July 1944 meeting, not its June cancellation.
  56. Höpp, Mufti-Papiere, document 103, p. 218.
  57. Biddiscombe, The Mufti's Men,.
  58. Tiedmann, Sender Zeesen,.
  59. Herf, Israel's Moment, pp. 122–123.
  60. Herf, Israel's Moment, pp. 123–126.
  61. Herf, YIVO presentation, pp. 4–5.
  62. Morris, 1948, pp. 172–173; Biddiscombe, The Mufti's Men,.
  63. Al-Qawuqji, Memoirs, 1948, Part I, pp. 27–29; Morris, 1948, pp. 157–158.
  64. Guy Walters, “Hitler's Henchmen in Arabia,” p. 7 p. 7.
  65. Intelligence dispatch, 2 March 1949
  66. Richard Breitman and Norman J. W. Goda, Hitler's Shadow pp. 25–26.
  67. JTA, “Arab League to Discuss Bonn Proposal on Reparations to Israel,” 8 January 1953; Ulrike Becker, “Die deutsche Militärberatergruppe in Ägypten 1951–1958” PDF p. 2.
  68. JTA, Sadat's salute to Hitler,
  69. Richard Breitman and Norman J. W. Goda, Hitler's Shadow pp. 27, 32, note 45.
  70. JTA, 15 April 1955
  71. JTA, 30 August 1956
  72. JTA, 12 August 1958
  73. Irujo, El enigma del Doctor Muerte,
  74. ʿAbbās, autobiographical account,
  75. TIME, The Nazi of Damascus,
  76. Hamas, Covenant, article 32; USHMM, An Antisemitic Conspiracy,.
  77. AFP, Ramallah bookshop caption,
  78. GMBDW, Qaradawi broadcast,; Küntzel, October 7th and the Shoah, pp. 5–6.
  79. IPT, Musa broadcast,
  80. Reuters, Hitler 2 shop,
  81. PMW, Abbas speech,