ט״ו בניסן ג׳תתל״ג 15th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 3833Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Chronology of
antizionism.
Roman Empire
80–81 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed
Titus commemorated the subjugation of יהודים YEHUDIM and destruction of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
ט׳ באב ג׳תתצ״ה 9th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 3895Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Roman forces crushed מרד בר כוכבא MERED BAR KOḪBA's attempt to restore sovereignty; the fall is traditionally commemorated on this date.
Byzantine Empire
י״ח באדר 18th 𝑜𝑓 AdarPrecision: recurring-day · Basis: not-assessed
A later tradition says Byzantine ruler Heraclius broke an amnesty and permitted the killing or expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM.
Arab empires
and successor dynasties
Caliphal law
Ayyubid and Mamluk authorities
ניסן ה׳כ״ח Nisan, AM 5028Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
An Islamic court recorded the earlier endowment beside הכותל HAʾKOTEL, later invoked against worship rights of יהודים YEHUDIM.
Crusaders
כ״ג בתמוז ד׳תתנ״ט 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 4859Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The First Crusade captured ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM and massacred inhabitants who were יהודים YEHUDIM or Muslims.
Turkish Empire
Local Muslim creditors
ח׳ בחשוון ה׳תפ״א 8th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5481Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Muslim creditors burned the synagogue in the courtyard of יהודה החסיד YEHUDA HAʾḤASID; the violence dispersed the community of אשכנזים AŜKENAZIM.
Imperial and consular authorities
ט״ז בניסן ה׳תר״ז 16th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5607Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
A consular report described יהודים YEHUDIM losing European protection for remaining in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL under Turkish rule.
א׳ באייר ה׳תרע״ה 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5675Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
A wartime report described expulsions and forced naturalization confronting יהודים YEHUDIM.
ה׳ בניסן ה׳תרע״ז 5th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5677Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Turkish authorities ordered the evacuation of תל אביב TEL AVIV.
English Empire
ז׳ בסיון ה׳תרפ״ב 7th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5682Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Churchill White Paper rejected making all ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL a national home for יהודים YEHUDIM.
י׳ בתשרי ה׳תרפ״ט 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5689Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The dispute over worship at הכותל HAʾKOTEL intensified under English rule.
ז׳ בתמוז ה׳תר״צ 7th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5690Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The English-administered commission heard רבנים RABANIM defend worship rights at הכותל HAʾKOTEL.
כ״ח בתשרי ה׳תרצ״א 28th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5691Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Passfield White Paper restricted immigration and land acquisition by יהודים YEHUDIM.
א׳ באייר ה׳תרצ״ו 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5696Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
English authorities evacuated the surviving community of יהודים YEHUDIM in חברון ḤEVRON.
כ״ח באייר ה׳תרצ״ט 28th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5699Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The English Empire rejected statehood for יהודים YEHUDIM, capped immigration and made further immigration after five years conditional on Arab consent.
י״ט באדר ה׳ת״ש 19th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 5700Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
English land-transfer regulations prohibited or restricted purchases by יהודים YEHUDIM across most of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
ח׳ באייר ה׳תש״ד 8th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The English Empire restricted refuge in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL while יהודים YEHUDIM faced extermination in Europe.
י״ח בטבת ה׳תש״ח 18th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
English forces intercepted ships carrying about 15,000 יהודים YEHUDIM and detained their passengers in Cyprus.
Arab political and religious movements
Before World War I
י״ז בניסן ה׳תרנ״ח 17th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5658Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
رضا RIḌĀ warned that organized migration and land purchases could transfer possession of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL to יהודים YEHUDIM.
י״ח בשבט ה׳תרס״ב 18th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5662Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
رضا RIḌĀ explicitly identified sovereignty as the aim of ציונות ẒIYONUT and urged a response.
Interwar mobilization
ט״ז בניסן ה׳תר״פ 16th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5680Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Nebi Musa rioters attacked the community of יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
כ״ג בניסן ה׳תרפ״א 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5681Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The יפו YAFO riots began with attacks upon residents and institutions of יהודים YEHUDIM.
כ״ג בניסן ה׳תרפ״א 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5681Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Attackers entered בית העולים BEIT HAʾOLIM during the יפו YAFO riots.
י״ז באב ה׳תרפ״ט 17th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5689Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Arab rioters attacked יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM; massacres elsewhere followed.
ט׳ באב ה׳תרפ״ט 9th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5689Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
A demonstration by יהודים YEHUDIM at הכותל HAʾKOTEL preceded the escalation into the 1929 riots.
כ״ח בתשרי ה׳תר״צ 28th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5690Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
رضا RIḌĀ's Thawrat Filasṭīn joined collective accusations against יהודים YEHUDIM to sacred history, conspiracy and opposition to English rule.
י״א בתמוז ה׳תר״צ 11th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5690Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Muslim representatives asserted ownership claims before the international הכותל HAʾKOTEL commission.
תמוז ה׳תרצ״ג Tamuz, AM 5693Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
رضا RIḌĀ classified assistance to land acquisition by יהודים YEHUDIM as treason and war against Muslims.
כ״ח בחשוון ה׳תרצ״ה 28th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
al-Difaʿ published a fatwa declaring Muslims who sold land to יהודים YEHUDIM for enrichment, rather than to escape starvation, unbelievers.
כ״א בשבט ה׳תרצ״ה 21st 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Muslim scholars prescribed religious and social exclusion for knowing participants in land sales to יהודים YEHUDIM.
ט״ז באדר א׳ ה׳תרצ״ה 16th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
An al-Aqsa association's pamphlet urged pilgrims to oppose land sales and alleged plans by יהודים YEHUDIM to seize הר הבית HAR HAʾBAYIT.
ל׳ באדר א׳ ה׳תרצ״ה 30th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
رضا RIḌĀ's published lecture predicted war and cast ציונות ẒIYONUT as an apocalyptic threat.
ל׳ באדר א׳ ה׳תרצ״ה 30th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
رضا RIḌĀ demanded a total social boycott of persistent sellers of land to יהודים YEHUDIM or the English.
כ״ז בניסן ה׳תרצ״ו 27th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5696Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
A general strike and armed revolt sought to halt immigration, land acquisition and sovereignty by יהודים YEHUDIM.
German Empire
and Arab Nazi allies
כ״ח באב ה׳תרצ״ח 28th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5698Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Gestapo ordered coordinated enforcement of the Staatszionistische Organisation's dissolution through occupation of premises, confiscation, searches and interrogations.
ח׳ בכסלו ה׳תש״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI sought Hitler's support against the national home of יהודים YEHUDIM; Hitler promised their destruction upon a future German advance.
י״א באייר ה׳תש״ב 11th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5702Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Nazi Germany, with Fascist Italy's agreement, promised support for destroying that national home.
א׳ באייר ה׳תש״ג 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged Bulgaria to block the rescue of children who were יהודים YEHUDIM to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
כ״ה בסיון ה׳תש״ג 25th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged Romania to block the same route of rescue.
ט״ו בטבת ה׳תש״ד 15th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Radio Berlin denounced Arab cooperation with יהודים YEHUDIM as betrayal.
State suppression
and antizionist prosecution
י״ב בתמוז ה׳תרס״ג 12th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5663Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Russian Empire ordered police to suppress public Zionist organization, propaganda, travel, fundraising, education and influence over communal leadership.
ג׳ בתשרי ה׳תש״ל 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5730Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Republic of Iraq criminalized acclaiming or promoting Zionist principles, institutional affiliation, assistance and work toward Zionist aims.
כ״ד באייר ה׳תש״פ 24th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5780Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Islamic Republic of Iran adopted a sixteen-article statute combining criminal penalties with diplomatic, cultural, technological and intelligence duties directed against ציונות ẒIYONUT and מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.
כ׳ בסיון ה׳תשפ״ה 20th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5785Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Mehr published enforcement categories for criminalizing ציונות ẒIYONUT that included favorable online content and failure to report specified conduct.
Arab states and armed forces
י״ז באדר ה׳תש״ח 17th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Arab forces besieged הרובע היהודי HAʾROVA HAʾYEHUDI in the Old City.
ד׳ בניסן ה׳תש״ח 4th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Arab forces massacred the הדסה HADASSAH medical convoy.
ד׳ באייר ה׳תש״ח 4th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Arab forces massacred the defenders of כפר עציון KFAR EẒʾYON.
ה׳ באייר ה׳תש״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The remaining communities of גוש עציון GUŜ EẐION were destroyed or evacuated.
ו׳ באייר ה׳תש״ח 6th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Arab states invaded to destroy מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.
י״ח באייר ה׳תש״ח 18th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The final capture of הרובע היהודי HAʾROVA HAʾYEHUDI began.
י״ט באייר ה׳תש״ח 19th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5708Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Jordanian forces emptied הרובע היהודי HAʾROVA HAʾYEHUDI of its community, removing civilians and taking men of military age prisoner.
י״ג באדר א׳ ה׳תשי״ד 13th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5714Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Kingdom of Jordan's nationality law explicitly excluded יהודים YEHUDIM from the automatic nationality category for qualifying former Palestinian nationals.
כ״ג באלול ה׳תשי״ז 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5717Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Kingdom of Jordan reiterated that other than Jews
was a required condition for that nationality category.
כ״ח באייר ה׳תשכ״ז 28th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5727Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL liberated העיר העתיקה HAʾIR HAʾATIKA, ending nineteen years of Jordanian exclusion of יהודים YEHUDIM.
Palestine Liberation Organization
סיון ה׳תשכ״ד Sivan, AM 5724Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
The founding PLO Charter offered conditional individual civil status to some יהודים YEHUDIM, but the PLO built no family-level system for granting or transmitting that status.
כ״א בתמוז ה׳תשכ״ח 21st 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5728Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The PLO prescribed armed struggle and denied both the nationhood of יהודים YEHUDIM and the legitimacy of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.
כ״ט באייר ה׳תשנ״ד 29th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5754Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
ערפאת ARAFAT invoked the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah when defending Oslo before a Muslim audience.
حماس ḤAMĀS
ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
حماس ḤAMĀS made permanent Muslim ownership, jihad and an apocalyptic tradition of killing יהודים YEHUDIM part of its covenant.
ה׳ באייר ה׳תשע״ז 5th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5777Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
حماس ḤAMĀS accepted a state along prewar 1967 lines as a common platform, while rejecting recognition of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL or relinquishment of its claim to all ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
י״א בשבט ה׳תשפ״ד 11th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5784Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
حماس ḤAMĀS published its justification of the October 7 attack, denying deliberate attacks on civilians.
Muslim jurists
claiming authority over sacred sites
ט״ז באב ה׳תשכ״ז 16th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5727Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Muslim jurists in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM submitted a ruling asserting exclusive Muslim ownership of sacred sites while allowing only limited worship rights to יהודים YEHUDIM.
י״ז באייר ה׳תשס״ד 17th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5764Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
A source compilation dates statements by Egypt's former mufti, the mufti of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM and other jurists denying ownership claims by יהודים YEHUDIM at הכותל HAʾKOTEL.
ה׳ באלול ה׳תשס״ד 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5764Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The mufti of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM extended the claimed sanctity of al-Aqsa Mosque to surrounding buildings and prohibited their conversion into a synagogue.
International organizations
United Nations General Assembly
ו׳ בכסלו ה׳תשל״ו 6th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5736Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 classified ציונות ẒIYONUT itself as racism.
Organisation of the Islamic Conference
ט״ו באייר ה׳תשל״ט 15th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5739Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Foreign ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference rejected sovereignty by יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
International Union of Muslim Scholars
י״ט בניסן ה׳תש״פ 19th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5780Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS) published a prediction of killing and replacing יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL, followed by apocalyptic extermination.
י״ח בשבט ה׳תשפ״ה 18th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5785Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
An IUMS member's essay portrayed ציונות ẒIYONUT as a global conspiracy and demanded boycott and jihad.
Footnotes
- See the scholarly argument in
Anti-Zionism,
Judaism, Antisemitism, and Holocaust, chapter 7, and the documented programs below. ↩ - Berthelot on Titus's Circus Maximus arch, ↩
- Mishnah Ta‘anit 4:6,; Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 4.6,; Jacobson,
Insights on the Bar Kokhba Revolt,
↩ - Levy-Rubin, Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire, ↩
- Eroğlu Memiş,
Between Ottomanization and Local Networks,
83–85; International Commission for the Wailing Wall, Minutes of the Session at Jerusalem, 321–322 ↩ - Israeli Institute of Archaeology,
The Crusader Period,
↩ - Aryeh Morgenstern,
בניין חצר חורבת ר׳ יהודה החסיד,
opening paragraph; Segula,חורבת החסיד
↩ - Hyamson, The British Consulate, 100 ↩
- International Commission for the Wailing Wall, Minutes of the Session at Jerusalem, ↩
The White Paper,
17 May 1939, sections I–II ↩- Riḍā,
Khabar wa-iʿtibār,
105–108; Beška,Responses of Prominent Arabs,
36–38 ↩ - Riḍā,
Ḥayāt umma baʿda mawtihā,
801–809; Beška,Responses of Prominent Arabs,
38–39 ↩ - Riḍā,
Thawrat Filasṭīn,
↩ - International Commission for the Wailing Wall, Minutes of the Session at Jerusalem, ↩
- Riḍā, Palestine land-sale fatwa, ↩
- al-Difaʿ,
فتوى فضيلة الأستاذ سعود العوري,
↩ - Rock-Singer,
Sacralizing the Nation,
↩ - Riḍā, Muslim Youth lecture, 1935, ↩
- Riḍā, final land-sale fatwa, 1935, ↩
- Nicosia, Dokumente zur Geschichte des deutschen Zionismus, document 160, pp. 478-480 ↩
- DGFP, Series D, vol. XIII, document 515, 881–885 ↩
- Ribbentrop to al-Husayni, 28 April 1942, ↩
- Plehve, Circular No. 6142, pp. 148-151 ↩
- Republic of Iraq, Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, Article 201 ↩
- Islamic Consultative Assembly,
Law Countering the Hostile Actions,
Articles 1-16 ↩ - Mehr, enforcement categories announcement, ↩
- Arab League cablegram to the UN, 15 May 1948,; Al-Tall, كارثة فلسطين, 75–76; Shlaim,
The Rise and Fall,
↩ - Burdett, telegram of 29 May 1948, ↩
- Western Wall Heritage Foundation,
The Fall of the Jewish Quarter,
↩ - PNC, Palestinian National Charter, 1964, article 7; PLO, Basic Law, 1964, articles 15–18 and 28 ↩
- PLO, Palestinian National Charter, 1968, articles 9, 15, 19–20 ↩
- Hamas,
Covenant,
articles 7, 11, 13, 15 ↩ - Hamas,
Covenant,
article 6 ↩ - Hamas, General Principles and Policies, paragraphs 18–20 ↩
- Hamas, This Is Our Narrative,; INSS on Hamas’s 2024 narrative, ↩
- Palestinian Muslim jurists,
Ruling by the Muslim Jurists,
↩ Fatwa on the Wailing Wall,
↩- Sabri,
Fatwa … on the Sacredness of Buildings,
↩ - UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, ↩
- UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, ↩
- OIC,
Political Resolutions of the 10th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers,
↩ - IUMS, archive 119538, ↩
- IUMS,
Islamic Perspective on Global Zionism,
↩
Roman forces captured מצדה MEẒADA, the last major stronghold after the destruction of בית המקדש BEIT HAʾMIKDAŜ.
Titus commemorated the subjugation of יהודים YEHUDIM and destruction of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
Roman forces crushed מרד בר כוכבא MERED BAR KOḪBA's attempt to restore sovereignty; the fall is traditionally commemorated on this date.
A later tradition says Byzantine ruler Heraclius broke an amnesty and permitted the killing or expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM.
An Islamic court recorded the earlier endowment beside הכותל HAʾKOTEL, later invoked against worship rights of יהודים YEHUDIM.
The First Crusade captured ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM and massacred inhabitants who were יהודים YEHUDIM or Muslims.
Muslim creditors burned the synagogue in the courtyard of יהודה החסיד YEHUDA HAʾḤASID; the violence dispersed the community of אשכנזים AŜKENAZIM.
A consular report described יהודים YEHUDIM losing European protection for remaining in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL under Turkish rule.
A wartime report described expulsions and forced naturalization confronting יהודים YEHUDIM.
Turkish authorities ordered the evacuation of תל אביב TEL AVIV.
The Churchill White Paper rejected making all ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL a national home for יהודים YEHUDIM.
The dispute over worship at הכותל HAʾKOTEL intensified under English rule.
The English-administered commission heard רבנים RABANIM defend worship rights at הכותל HAʾKOTEL.
The Passfield White Paper restricted immigration and land acquisition by יהודים YEHUDIM.
English authorities evacuated the surviving community of יהודים YEHUDIM in חברון ḤEVRON.
The English Empire rejected statehood for יהודים YEHUDIM, capped immigration and made further immigration after five years conditional on Arab consent.
English land-transfer regulations prohibited or restricted purchases by יהודים YEHUDIM across most of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
The English Empire restricted refuge in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL while יהודים YEHUDIM faced extermination in Europe.
English forces intercepted ships carrying about 15,000 יהודים YEHUDIM and detained their passengers in Cyprus.
رضا RIḌĀ warned that organized migration and land purchases could transfer possession of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL to יהודים YEHUDIM.
رضا RIḌĀ explicitly identified sovereignty as the aim of ציונות ẒIYONUT and urged a response.
Nebi Musa rioters attacked the community of יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
The יפו YAFO riots began with attacks upon residents and institutions of יהודים YEHUDIM.
Attackers entered בית העולים BEIT HAʾOLIM during the יפו YAFO riots.
Arab rioters attacked יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM; massacres elsewhere followed.
A demonstration by יהודים YEHUDIM at הכותל HAʾKOTEL preceded the escalation into the 1929 riots.
رضا RIḌĀ's Thawrat Filasṭīn joined collective accusations against יהודים YEHUDIM to sacred history, conspiracy and opposition to English rule.
Muslim representatives asserted ownership claims before the international הכותל HAʾKOTEL commission.
رضا RIḌĀ classified assistance to land acquisition by יהודים YEHUDIM as treason and war against Muslims.
al-Difaʿ published a fatwa declaring Muslims who sold land to יהודים YEHUDIM for enrichment, rather than to escape starvation, unbelievers.
Muslim scholars prescribed religious and social exclusion for knowing participants in land sales to יהודים YEHUDIM.
An al-Aqsa association's pamphlet urged pilgrims to oppose land sales and alleged plans by יהודים YEHUDIM to seize הר הבית HAR HAʾBAYIT.
رضا RIḌĀ's published lecture predicted war and cast ציונות ẒIYONUT as an apocalyptic threat.
رضا RIḌĀ demanded a total social boycott of persistent sellers of land to יהודים YEHUDIM or the English.
A general strike and armed revolt sought to halt immigration, land acquisition and sovereignty by יהודים YEHUDIM.
The Gestapo ordered coordinated enforcement of the Staatszionistische Organisation's dissolution through occupation of premises, confiscation, searches and interrogations.
محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI sought Hitler's support against the national home of יהודים YEHUDIM; Hitler promised their destruction upon a future German advance.
Nazi Germany, with Fascist Italy's agreement, promised support for destroying that national home.
محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged Bulgaria to block the rescue of children who were יהודים YEHUDIM to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI urged Romania to block the same route of rescue.
Radio Berlin denounced Arab cooperation with יהודים YEHUDIM as betrayal.
The Russian Empire ordered police to suppress public Zionist organization, propaganda, travel, fundraising, education and influence over communal leadership.
The Republic of Iraq criminalized acclaiming or promoting Zionist principles, institutional affiliation, assistance and work toward Zionist aims.
The Islamic Republic of Iran adopted a sixteen-article statute combining criminal penalties with diplomatic, cultural, technological and intelligence duties directed against ציונות ẒIYONUT and מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.
Mehr published enforcement categories for criminalizing ציונות ẒIYONUT that included favorable online content and failure to report specified conduct.
Arab forces besieged הרובע היהודי HAʾROVA HAʾYEHUDI in the Old City.
Arab forces massacred the הדסה HADASSAH medical convoy.
Arab forces massacred the defenders of כפר עציון KFAR EẒʾYON.
The remaining communities of גוש עציון GUŜ EẐION were destroyed or evacuated.
Arab states invaded to destroy מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.
The final capture of הרובע היהודי HAʾROVA HAʾYEHUDI began.
Jordanian forces emptied הרובע היהודי HAʾROVA HAʾYEHUDI of its community, removing civilians and taking men of military age prisoner.
The Kingdom of Jordan's nationality law explicitly excluded יהודים YEHUDIM from the automatic nationality category for qualifying former Palestinian nationals.
The Kingdom of Jordan reiterated that
other than Jews
was a required condition for that nationality category.מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL liberated העיר העתיקה HAʾIR HAʾATIKA, ending nineteen years of Jordanian exclusion of יהודים YEHUDIM.
The founding PLO Charter offered conditional individual civil status to some יהודים YEHUDIM, but the PLO built no family-level system for granting or transmitting that status.
The PLO prescribed armed struggle and denied both the nationhood of יהודים YEHUDIM and the legitimacy of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.
ערפאת ARAFAT invoked the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah when defending Oslo before a Muslim audience.
حماس ḤAMĀS made permanent Muslim ownership, jihad and an apocalyptic tradition of killing יהודים YEHUDIM part of its covenant.
حماس ḤAMĀS accepted a state along prewar 1967 lines as a common platform, while rejecting recognition of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL or relinquishment of its claim to all ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
حماس ḤAMĀS published its justification of the October 7 attack, denying deliberate attacks on civilians.
Muslim jurists in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM submitted a ruling asserting exclusive Muslim ownership of sacred sites while allowing only limited worship rights to יהודים YEHUDIM.
A source compilation dates statements by Egypt's former mufti, the mufti of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM and other jurists denying ownership claims by יהודים YEHUDIM at הכותל HAʾKOTEL.
The mufti of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM extended the claimed sanctity of al-Aqsa Mosque to surrounding buildings and prohibited their conversion into a synagogue.
UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 classified ציונות ẒIYONUT itself as racism.
Foreign ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference rejected sovereignty by יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
The International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS) published a prediction of killing and replacing יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL, followed by apocalyptic extermination.
An IUMS member's essay portrayed ציונות ẒIYONUT as a global conspiracy and demanded boycott and jihad.