Chronology of
Jew-hating publications

Jew-hatred gains power through circulation: sermons make it doctrine, laws make it enforceable, and books and broadcasts carry it to new audiences. This chronology follows those changes in medium and authority, alongside earlier monuments that celebrated the defeat and subordination of ישראל YISRAʾEL and יהודה YEHUDA. Imperial victory propaganda, religious antijudaism, racial conspiracy and antizionism require distinct evidence; their proximity here does not establish a single line of transmission.

The sequence dates the public act or surviving artifact, not automatically the event it describes. Approximate dates and overlapping ranges remain approximate; detailed dating belongs in the linked articles.

Before AM 4000

Military victory becomes a claim about divine authority. Mesha credits Chemosh with defeating ישראל YISRAʾEL and receiving spoils taken from the worship of השם HAʾSHEM. This supplies an early comparative pattern for later triumphalism: another people's defeat becomes proof of the victor's sacred claim. The later supersessionist turn changes the argument from victory over a rival god's people to claiming their own G-d against them.1

c. 1208–1207 BCEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Ancient Egyptian ruler Merneptah's victory stele declared ישראל YISRAʾEL devastated; the boast is not proof of eradication.

c. 1208–1207 BCE: Ancient Egyptian ruler Merneptah's victory stele declared ישראל YISRAʾEL devastated; the boast is not proof of eradication.2

c. 840 BCEPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

Moabite ruler Mesha's stele made the killing of inhabitants of towns in ישראל YISRAʾEL a victory for his god.

c. 840 BCE: Moabite ruler Mesha's stele made the killing of inhabitants of towns in ישראל YISRAʾEL a victory for his god.3

Ninth century BCEPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

An Aramean ruler's Tel Dan Stele celebrated victories over kings of ישראל YISRAʾEL and the House of דוד DAVID.

Ninth century BCE: An Aramean ruler's Tel Dan Stele celebrated victories over kings of ישראל YISRAʾEL and the House of דוד DAVID.4

825 BCEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser III's Black Obelisk displayed the submission of ישראל YISRAʾEL through an image of tribute.

825 BCE: Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser III's Black Obelisk displayed the submission of ישראל YISRAʾEL through an image of tribute.5

701 BCE, reported speechPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

The biblical account preserves an Assyrian envoy's threats against ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM and mockery of trust in השם HAʾSHEM.

701 BCE, reported speech: The biblical account preserves an Assyrian envoy's threats against ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM and mockery of trust in השם HAʾSHEM.6

c. 700–692 BCEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Assyrian ruler סנחריב SANCHERIV's Lachish reliefs made conquest, captivity and execution in יהודה YEHUDA a palace spectacle.

c. 700–692 BCE: Assyrian ruler סנחריב SANCHERIV's Lachish reliefs made conquest, captivity and execution in יהודה YEHUDA a palace spectacle.7

691 BCEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Assyrian ruler סנחריב SANCHERIV's annals boasted of confining חזקיהו ḤEZKIYAHU in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM, without claiming to have captured the city.

691 BCE: Assyrian ruler סנחריב SANCHERIV's annals boasted of confining חזקיהו ḤEZKIYAHU in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM, without claiming to have captured the city.8

Third century BCEPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

Hostile origin stories attributed to Egyptian priest Manetho portrayed ancestors of יהודים YEHUDIM as diseased and sacrilegious; later transmission complicates attribution.

Third century BCE: Hostile origin stories attributed to Egyptian priest Manetho portrayed ancestors of יהודים YEHUDIM as diseased and sacrilegious; later transmission complicates attribution.9

c. 38–40 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Alexandrian writer Apion publicly accused יהודים YEHUDIM before Roman ruler Gaius Caligula.

c. 38–40 CE: Alexandrian writer Apion publicly accused יהודים YEHUDIM before Roman ruler Gaius Caligula.10

From 71 CEPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

Roman ruler Vespasian issued Judaea Capta coins celebrating the defeat of יהודה YEHUDA.

From 71 CE: Roman ruler Vespasian issued Judaea Capta coins celebrating the defeat of יהודה YEHUDA.11

80–81 CE: Roman ruler Titus's Circus Maximus arch proclaimed that he subdued יהודים YEHUDIM and destroyed ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.12

81–82 CE: Roman ruler Domitian's Arch of Titus displayed the spoils of בית המקדש BEIT HAʾMIKDAŜ as an imperial triumph.13

c. 160–170 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Christian bishop Melito accused יהודים YEHUDIM of murdering Christianity's founder ישוע YEŜUA (Jesus).

c. 160–170 CE: Christian bishop Melito accused יהודים YEHUDIM of murdering Christianity's founder ישוע YEŜUA (Jesus).14

c. 178–180 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Greek philosopher Celsus's The True Doctrine attacked Christianity while circulating hostile representations of יהודים YEHUDIM.

c. 178–180 CE: Greek philosopher Celsus's The True Doctrine attacked Christianity while circulating hostile representations of יהודים YEHUDIM.15

c. 197–203 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Christian theologian Tertullian's Against the Jews argued that Christianity displaced the covenantal authority of יהדות YAHADUT.

c. 197–203 CE: Christian theologian Tertullian's Against the Jews argued that Christianity displaced the covenantal authority of יהדות YAHADUT.16

AM 4000–4199

Christian supersessionism claims the G-d of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL while declaring the church His rightful heir. The target of replacement is not the deity but the continuing covenantal authority of יהודים YEHUDIM. Under Christian emperors, that claim gains legal force: the people whose scriptures Christianity appropriates are denied equal standing within its empire.17

248–249 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Christian bishop Cyprian's Testimonia organized scriptural extracts into reusable arguments that the church inherited the promises to עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL.

248–249 CE: Christian bishop Cyprian's Testimonia organized scriptural extracts into reusable arguments that the church inherited the promises to עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL.18

AM 4085Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

The First Council of Nicaea separated Christian Easter from the reckoning of פסח PESAḤ, while Roman ruler Constantine I denounced practice by יהודים YEHUDIM.

AM 4085: The First Council of Nicaea separated Christian Easter from the reckoning of פסח PESAḤ, while Roman ruler Constantine I denounced practice by יהודים YEHUDIM.19

אלול ד׳קמ״ו Elul, AM 4146Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered the first of his Jew-hating discourses.

אלול ד׳קמ״ו Elul, AM 4146: John Chrysostom delivered the first of his Jew-hating discourses.20

כ״ה בשבט ד׳קמ״ז 25th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 4147Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered the discourse traditionally numbered three.

כ״ה בשבט ד׳קמ״ז 25th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 4147: John Chrysostom delivered the discourse traditionally numbered three.21

כ״ח באלול ד׳קמ״ז 28th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 4147Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered his fourth Jew-hating discourse.

כ״ח באלול ד׳קמ״ז 28th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 4147: John Chrysostom delivered his fourth Jew-hating discourse.22

ו׳ בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 6th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered his second Jew-hating discourse.

ו׳ בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 6th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148: John Chrysostom delivered his second Jew-hating discourse.23

י׳ בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered his fifth Jew-hating discourse.

י׳ בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148: John Chrysostom delivered his fifth Jew-hating discourse.24

י״א בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 11th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered his sixth Jew-hating discourse.

י״א בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 11th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148: John Chrysostom delivered his sixth Jew-hating discourse.25

י״ג בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered his seventh Jew-hating discourse.

י״ג בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148: John Chrysostom delivered his seventh Jew-hating discourse.26

כ׳ בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 20th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

John Chrysostom delivered his eighth Jew-hating discourse.

כ׳ בתשרי ד׳קמ״ח 20th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 4148: John Chrysostom delivered his eighth Jew-hating discourse.27

כ׳ בשבט ד׳קצ״ח 20th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 4198Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Roman ruler Theodosius II excluded יהודים YEHUDIM and Samaritans from state offices.

כ׳ בשבט ד׳קצ״ח 20th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 4198: Roman ruler Theodosius II excluded יהודים YEHUDIM and Samaritans from state offices.28

ה׳ באדר ד׳קצ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 4198Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Roman ruler Theodosius II promulgated a code collecting laws that subordinated יהודים YEHUDIM within a Christian imperial order.

ה׳ באדר ד׳קצ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Adar, AM 4198: Roman ruler Theodosius II promulgated a code collecting laws that subordinated יהודים YEHUDIM within a Christian imperial order.29

AM 4200–4399

Christian authorities reach inside communal life: Justinian intervenes in the interpretation of תורה TORA, while Toledo denies forced converts a return to יהדות YAHADUT. Jew-hatred here does more than condemn belief. It asserts the ruler's or church's right to decide which teachings and religious choices remain available to יהודים YEHUDIM.

י״ב בניסן ד׳רפ״ט 12th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 4289Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Byzantine ruler Justinian issued his first law code, consolidating imperial religious hierarchy.

י״ב בניסן ד׳רפ״ט 12th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 4289: Byzantine ruler Justinian issued his first law code, consolidating imperial religious hierarchy.30

ח׳ באדר א׳ ד׳שי״ג 8th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 4313Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Byzantine ruler Justinian issued Novella 146, intervening in the public reading and interpretation of תורה TORA.

ח׳ באדר א׳ ד׳שי״ג 8th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 4313: Byzantine ruler Justinian issued Novella 146, intervening in the public reading and interpretation of תורה TORA.31

612 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Visigothic ruler Sisebut restricted ownership of Christian enslaved people by יהודים YEHUDIM.

612 CE: Visigothic ruler Sisebut restricted ownership of Christian enslaved people by יהודים YEHUDIM.32

כ״ח בכסלו ד׳שצ״ד 28th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 4394Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Fourth Council of Toledo opened; its canons made earlier forced baptisms binding and denied converts a return to יהדות YAHADUT.

כ״ח בכסלו ד׳שצ״ד 28th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 4394: The Fourth Council of Toledo opened; its canons made earlier forced baptisms binding and denied converts a return to יהדות YAHADUT.33

AM 4400–4599

Conversion does not reliably end suspicion, and protection itself becomes a target. Councils police converts and families; Agobard attacks the protections granted by the emperor. The dispute exposes a choice within Christian rule: whether to protect communities of יהודים YEHUDIM or let clerical demands for subordination override that protection.

ט״ו בחשוון ד׳תנ״ה 15th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 4455Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Seventeenth Council of Toledo opened; its canons used a conspiracy accusation to order dispossession, enslavement and Christian control of children of יהודים YEHUDIM.

ט״ו בחשוון ד׳תנ״ה 15th 𝑜𝑓 Ḥeŝvan, AM 4455: The Seventeenth Council of Toledo opened; its canons used a conspiracy accusation to order dispossession, enslavement and Christian control of children of יהודים YEHUDIM.34

AM 4548Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Second Council of Nicaea regulated nominally converted יהודים YEHUDIM in Canon VIII.

AM 4548: Second Council of Nicaea regulated nominally converted יהודים YEHUDIM in Canon VIII.35

826–827 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Archbishop Agobard of Lyon used On the Insolence of the Jews to attack protections enjoyed by יהודים YEHUDIM.

826–827 CE: Archbishop Agobard of Lyon used On the Insolence of the Jews to attack protections enjoyed by יהודים YEHUDIM.36

AM 4600–4799

Amulo shows how Jew-hatred survives its author. By reusing Agobard's arguments and addressing a new ruler, he turns an earlier clerical campaign into a renewed demand for restrictions. Preservation is also political reuse.

846 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Archbishop Amulo of Lyon's Liber contra Iudaeos renewed Agobard's campaign for Christian restrictions upon יהודים YEHUDIM.

846 CE: Archbishop Amulo of Lyon's Liber contra Iudaeos renewed Agobard's campaign for Christian restrictions upon יהודים YEHUDIM.37

AM 4800–4999

Christian and Muslim polemicists contest the authority of יהודים YEHUDIM over their own scriptures. The Islamic claim, too, invokes the same G-d, not a victorious rival deity; Samawʾal turns that shared inheritance into an argument against יהדות YAHADUT. Alongside these claims, blood libel and demands for political subordination make continued communal life a target.38

Conventionally before or in 1066 CE: A poem attributed to Abu Ishaq al-Ilbiri urged the Muslim ruler of Granada to destroy the power of יהודים YEHUDIM. Its connection to the massacre is preserved in later sources.39

1144–1147 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Christian abbot Peter the Venerable's Against the Inveterate Obduracy of the Jews attacked התלמוד HAʾTALMUD and demanded subordination of יהודים YEHUDIM.

1144–1147 CE: Christian abbot Peter the Venerable's Against the Inveterate Obduracy of the Jews attacked התלמוד HAʾTALMUD and demanded subordination of יהודים YEHUDIM.40

c. 1149–1173 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Christian monk Thomas of Monmouth turned William of Norwich's death into an elaborate blood-libel narrative.

c. 1149–1173 CE: Christian monk Thomas of Monmouth turned William of Norwich's death into an elaborate blood-libel narrative.41

1163 and 1167 CEPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

Samawʾal al-Maghribī composed the early recension of Ifḥām al-Yahūd and later expanded it.

1163 and 1167 CE: Samawʾal al-Maghribī composed the early recension of Ifḥām al-Yahūd and later expanded it.42

ניסן ד׳תתקמ״ב Nisan, AM 4942Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

French ruler Philip II ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from his royal domain.

ניסן ד׳תתקמ״ב Nisan, AM 4942: French ruler Philip II ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from his royal domain.43

כ״ז בתמוז ד׳תתקס״ה 27th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 4965Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pope Innocent III's Etsi Iudeos used the deicide accusation to justify perpetual subordination of יהודים YEHUDIM.

כ״ז בתמוז ד׳תתקס״ה 27th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 4965: Pope Innocent III's Etsi Iudeos used the deicide accusation to justify perpetual subordination of יהודים YEHUDIM.44

י׳ בכסלו ד׳תתקע״ו 10th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 4976Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Fourth Lateran Council enacted religious distinctions in dress and restrictions on public office for יהודים YEHUDIM (inherited day under review).

י׳ בכסלו ד׳תתקע״ו 10th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 4976: The Fourth Lateran Council enacted religious distinctions in dress and restrictions on public office for יהודים YEHUDIM (inherited day under review).45

ט״ז בתמוז ד׳תתקצ״ט 16th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 4999Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pope Gregory IX ordered manuscripts of התלמוד HAʾTALMUD seized.

ט״ז בתמוז ד׳תתקצ״ט 16th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 4999: Pope Gregory IX ordered manuscripts of התלמוד HAʾTALMUD seized.46

AM 5000–5199

Christian courts and rulers turn accusation into procedure: put התלמוד HAʾTALMUD on trial, burn its manuscripts, mark the bodies of יהודים YEHUDIM and expel communities. Torture supplies supposed evidence for further persecution. The authority producing the accusation also controls the hearing, punishment and public record.

AM 5000Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

משפט פריז MIŜPAT PARIZ (Trial of Paris) began against התלמוד HAʾTALMUD (the Talmud).

AM 5000: משפט פריז MIŜPAT PARIZ (Trial of Paris) began against התלמוד HAʾTALMUD (the Talmud).47

AM 5001Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

French authorities publicly burned manuscript volumes of התלמוד HAʾTALMUD and other sacred texts of יהודים YEHUDIM.

AM 5001: French authorities publicly burned manuscript volumes of התלמוד HAʾTALMUD and other sacred texts of יהודים YEHUDIM.48

י״ז בתמוז ה׳כ״ט 17th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5029Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

French ruler Louis IX decreed that יהודים YEHUDIM must wear yellow badges.

י״ז בתמוז ה׳כ״ט 17th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5029: French ruler Louis IX decreed that יהודים YEHUDIM must wear yellow badges.49

ט׳ באב ה׳נ׳ 9th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5050Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

English ruler Edward I ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from England.

ט׳ באב ה׳נ׳ 9th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5050: English ruler Edward I ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from England.50

כ״ג בכסלו ה׳ק״ט 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5109Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Christian officials circulated confessions extracted under torture from יהודים YEHUDIM, promoting the false accusation that they had poisoned wells.

כ״ג בכסלו ה׳ק״ט 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5109: Christian officials circulated confessions extracted under torture from יהודים YEHUDIM, promoting the false accusation that they had poisoned wells.51

כ״ב בתשרי ה׳קנ״ה 22nd 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5155Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

French ruler Charles VI ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from the Kingdom of France.

כ״ב בתשרי ה׳קנ״ה 22nd 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5155: French ruler Charles VI ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from the Kingdom of France.52

AM 5200–5399

Ancestry can now defeat conversion as a route out of exclusion: Toledo's statute targets descendants even within Christianity. Catholic and Protestant authorities also promote coercion against continuing יהדות YAHADUT. Print expands the reach of Jew-hatred while decrees attack residence, livelihood and the transmission of sacred texts.

י״ד בסיון ה׳ר״ט 14th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5209Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pedro Sarmiento's Sentencia-Estatuto made descent from יהודים YEHUDIM grounds for excluding Christian converts and their descendants from office.

י״ד בסיון ה׳ר״ט 14th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5209: Pedro Sarmiento's Sentencia-Estatuto made descent from יהודים YEHUDIM grounds for excluding Christian converts and their descendants from office.53

1459 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Franciscan polemicist Alonso de Espina's Fortalitium Fidei compiled blood libels, conspiracy accusations and demands for Christian coercion.

1459 CE: Franciscan polemicist Alonso de Espina's Fortalitium Fidei compiled blood libels, conspiracy accusations and demands for Christian coercion.54

ג׳ בניסן ה׳רנ״ב 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5252Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Aragonian and Castilian monarchs issued the Alhambra Decree.

ג׳ בניסן ה׳רנ״ב 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5252: Aragonian and Castilian monarchs issued the Alhambra Decree.55

AM 5303Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

German reformer Martin Luther's On the Jews and Their Lies called for burning בתי כנסת BATEI KʾNESET, destroying homes and coercing יהודים YEHUDIM.

AM 5303: German reformer Martin Luther's On the Jews and Their Lies called for burning בתי כנסת BATEI KʾNESET, destroying homes and coercing יהודים YEHUDIM.56

ב׳ באלול ה׳שי״ג 2nd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5313Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pope Julius III ordered all copies of תלמוד בבלי TALMUD BAVELI (the Babylonian Talmud) seized and burned.

ב׳ באלול ה׳שי״ג 2nd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5313: Pope Julius III ordered all copies of תלמוד בבלי TALMUD BAVELI (the Babylonian Talmud) seized and burned.57

א׳ בתשרי ה׳שי״ד 1st 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5314Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Papal authorities publicly burned volumes of תלמוד בבלי TALMUD BAVELI in Rome.

א׳ בתשרי ה׳שי״ד 1st 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5314: Papal authorities publicly burned volumes of תלמוד בבלי TALMUD BAVELI in Rome. This dates the burning, not a second publication of the order.58

כ״ה בתמוז ה׳שט״ו 25th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5315Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pope Paul IV's Cum nimis absurdum imposed confinement, identifying clothing and occupational restrictions upon יהודים YEHUDIM.

כ״ה בתמוז ה׳שט״ו 25th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5315: Pope Paul IV's Cum nimis absurdum imposed confinement, identifying clothing and occupational restrictions upon יהודים YEHUDIM.59

1602 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

An anonymous Wandering Jew pamphlet circulated a Christian punishment story later adapted into collective accusations against יהודים YEHUDIM.

1602 CE: An anonymous Wandering Jew pamphlet circulated a Christian punishment story later adapted into collective accusations against יהודים YEHUDIM.60

AM 5400–5599

Jew-hatred acquires the authority of supposed scholarship and philosophical criticism without abandoning expulsion and confinement. Eisenmenger's publication history shows how supporters can defeat suppression through republication. Voltaire exposes another tension: advocacy of toleration can coexist with contempt for the people to be tolerated.

1700 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Johann Andreas Eisenmenger printed Entdecktes Judenthum, presenting Jew-hatred as learned exposure of יהדות YAHADUT; authorities seized the printing.

1700 CE: Johann Andreas Eisenmenger printed Entdecktes Judenthum, presenting Jew-hatred as learned exposure of יהדות YAHADUT; authorities seized the printing.61

1711 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Supporters circulated a new edition of Johann Andreas Eisenmenger's Entdecktes Judenthum despite suppression of the first printing.

1711 CE: Supporters circulated a new edition of Johann Andreas Eisenmenger's Entdecktes Judenthum despite suppression of the first printing.62

1740 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

The seized first printing of Johann Andreas Eisenmenger's Entdecktes Judenthum entered circulation.

1740 CE: The seized first printing of Johann Andreas Eisenmenger's Entdecktes Judenthum entered circulation.63

י״ג בטבת ה׳תק״ה 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5505Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Austrian ruler Maria Theresa ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from Prague.

י״ג בטבת ה׳תק״ה 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5505: Austrian ruler Maria Theresa ordered the expulsion of יהודים YEHUDIM from Prague.64

AM 5524Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary joined advocacy of toleration to degrading generalizations about יהודים YEHUDIM.

AM 5524: Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary joined advocacy of toleration to degrading generalizations about יהודים YEHUDIM.65

ח׳ בטבת ה׳תקנ״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5552Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Russian ruler Catherine II established the Settlement Zone, ᴀᴋᴀ the Pale of Settlement.

ח׳ בטבת ה׳תקנ״ב 8th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5552: Russian ruler Catherine II established the Settlement Zone, ᴀᴋᴀ the Pale of Settlement.66

AM 5600–5699

Racial and nationalist theories recast יהודים YEHUDIM as an enduring threat that conversion cannot remove. Mass newspapers, forged documents and children's books turn Jew-hatred into repeatable public instruction. Opposition to return and landholding in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL develops alongside these campaigns; Arabic defenses of Nazism make ideological adoption explicit.

כ״ו באלול ה׳תר״י 26th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5610Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

German composer Richard Wagner began serializing Jewishness in Music.

כ״ו באלול ה׳תר״י 26th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5610: German composer Richard Wagner began serializing Jewishness in Music.67

כ״ט באלול ה׳תר״י 29th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5610Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

German composer Richard Wagner concluded Jewishness in Music.

כ״ט באלול ה׳תר״י 29th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5610: German composer Richard Wagner concluded Jewishness in Music.68

AM 5629Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

German composer Richard Wagner republished an expanded Jewishness in Music.

AM 5629: German composer Richard Wagner republished an expanded Jewishness in Music.69

AM 5639Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

German agitator Wilhelm Marr published The Victory of Judaism over Germanism.

AM 5639: German agitator Wilhelm Marr published The Victory of Judaism over Germanism.70

כ״ו באייר ה׳תרמ״ב 26th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5642Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Russian ruler Alexander III enacted the May Laws, intensifying the exclusion of יהודים YEHUDIM from rural residence and economic life.

כ״ו באייר ה׳תרמ״ב 26th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5642: Russian ruler Alexander III enacted the May Laws, intensifying the exclusion of יהודים YEHUDIM from rural residence and economic life.71

AM 5646Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

French journalist Édouard Drumont published La France juive.

AM 5646: French journalist Édouard Drumont published La France juive.72

י״ז בניסן ה׳תרנ״ח 17th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5658Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā's A Report and a Lesson warned against organized return and land acquisition by יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.

י״ז בניסן ה׳תרנ״ח 17th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5658: Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā's A Report and a Lesson warned against organized return and land acquisition by יהודים YEHUDIM in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.73

י״ח באלול ה׳תרס״ג 18th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5663Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pavel Krushevan's newspaper began serializing the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion, presenting an invented conspiracy as secret minutes.

י״ח באלול ה׳תרס״ג 18th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5663: Pavel Krushevan's newspaper began serializing the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion, presenting an invented conspiracy as secret minutes.74

ה׳ בסיון ה׳תר״פ 5th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5680Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Henry Ford's newspaper began The International Jew, giving conspiracy claims Ford's money, prestige and distribution network.

ה׳ בסיון ה׳תר״פ 5th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5680: Henry Ford's newspaper began The International Jew, giving conspiracy claims Ford's money, prestige and distribution network.75

ד׳ באייר ה׳תרפ״ג 4th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5683Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

German Nazi publisher Julius Streicher founded Der Stürmer.

ד׳ באייר ה׳תרפ״ג 4th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5683: German Nazi publisher Julius Streicher founded Der Stürmer.76

כ״ו בתמוז ה׳תרפ״ה 26th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5685Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi leader Adolf Hitler published the first volume of Mein Kampf, joining conspiracy claims against יהודים YEHUDIM to a racial political program.

כ״ו בתמוז ה׳תרפ״ה 26th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5685: Nazi leader Adolf Hitler published the first volume of Mein Kampf, joining conspiracy claims against יהודים YEHUDIM to a racial political program.77

תמוז ה׳תרצ״ג Tamuz, AM 5693Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā ruled that helping יהודים YEHUDIM acquire land was treason equivalent to fighting Muslims.

תמוז ה׳תרצ״ג Tamuz, AM 5693: Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā ruled that helping יהודים YEHUDIM acquire land was treason equivalent to fighting Muslims.78

אב ה׳תרצ״ד Av, AM 5694Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Aḥmad Maḥmūd al-Sādātī dated the introduction to Adūlf Hitlar, defending Nazism and its campaign against יהודים YEHUDIM.

אב ה׳תרצ״ד Av, AM 5694: Aḥmad Maḥmūd al-Sādātī dated the introduction to Adūlf Hitlar, defending Nazism and its campaign against יהודים YEHUDIM.79

כ״א בשבט ה׳תרצ״ה 21st 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Arab antizionist Muslim scholars declared assistance in land sales to יהודים YEHUDIM unbelief and grounds for exclusion from communal rites.

כ״א בשבט ה׳תרצ״ה 21st 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5695: Arab antizionist Muslim scholars declared assistance in land sales to יהודים YEHUDIM unbelief and grounds for exclusion from communal rites.80

ט״ז באדר א׳ ה׳תרצ״ה 16th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

An al-Aqsa association pamphlet alleged plans by יהודים YEHUDIM to seize the sanctuary and promoted a land-sale boycott.

ט״ז באדר א׳ ה׳תרצ״ה 16th 𝑜𝑓 Adar I, AM 5695: An al-Aqsa association pamphlet alleged plans by יהודים YEHUDIM to seize the sanctuary and promoted a land-sale boycott.81

י״ז באלול ה׳תרצ״ה 17th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5695Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The German Nazi government enacted the Nuremberg Laws.

י״ז באלול ה׳תרצ״ה 17th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5695: The German Nazi government enacted the Nuremberg Laws.82

י״א באלול ה׳תרצ״ז 11th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5697Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Ṭāhir published the anonymously authored Islam and Jewry, portraying יהודים YEHUDIM as enduring enemies of Islam; a Nazi-era Berlin edition followed.

י״א באלול ה׳תרצ״ז 11th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5697: Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Ṭāhir published the anonymously authored Islam and Jewry, portraying יהודים YEHUDIM as enduring enemies of Islam; a Nazi-era Berlin edition followed.83

1938 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Julius Streicher's publishing organization issued Der Giftpilz, teaching children to treat יהודים YEHUDIM as a concealed danger.

1938 CE: Julius Streicher's publishing organization issued Der Giftpilz, teaching children to treat יהודים YEHUDIM as a concealed danger.84

י״ט בתמוז ה׳תרצ״ח 19th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5698Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

American priest Charles Coughlin's newspaper began promoting the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

י״ט בתמוז ה׳תרצ״ח 19th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5698: American priest Charles Coughlin's newspaper began promoting the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.85

AM 5700–present

Religious accusation, blood libel and conspiracy survive alongside antizionism directed against restored sovereignty by יהודים YEHUDIM. The vocabulary can change from religious supremacy to liberation or antiracism while still demanding the elimination of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL. The decisive question is what each publication would permit עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL to retain: safety, sacred inheritance and the authority to govern itself.86

י״ב באייר ה׳תש״א 12th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI broadcast an anti-British jihad appeal portraying immigration by יהודים YEHUDIM to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL as an imperial weapon.

י״ב באייר ה׳תש״א 12th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5701: محمد أمين الحسيني MOHAMED AMIN AL-ḤUSAYNI broadcast an anti-British jihad appeal portraying immigration by יהודים YEHUDIM to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL as an imperial weapon.87

י״ט באלול ה׳תש״א 19th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5701Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Charles Lindbergh's Des Moines speech accused יהודים YEHUDIM of pressing the United States toward war and invoked supposed control of public opinion.

י״ט באלול ה׳תש״א 19th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5701: Charles Lindbergh's Des Moines speech accused יהודים YEHUDIM of pressing the United States toward war and invoked supposed control of public opinion.88

AM 5712Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Egyptian Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb began serializing In the Shade of the Qurʾan, the magazine series he later expanded into a thirty-part commentary.

AM 5712: Egyptian Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb began serializing In the Shade of the Qurʾan, the magazine series he later expanded into a thirty-part commentary.89

תמוז ה׳תשי״ב Tamuz, AM 5712Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Sayyid Qutb published the commentary prototype later developed into the title essay of Our Struggle with the Jews; the collected book came later.

תמוז ה׳תשי״ב Tamuz, AM 5712: Sayyid Qutb published the commentary prototype later developed into the title essay of Our Struggle with the Jews; the collected book came later.90

c. 1959–1960 CEPrecision: range · Basis: not-assessed

Egyptian Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb completed the first edition of In the Shade of the Qurʾan.

c. 1959–1960 CE: Egyptian Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb completed the first edition of In the Shade of the Qurʾan.91

AM 5724Precision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Soviet author Trofim Kichko published Judaism Without Embellishment.

AM 5724: Soviet author Trofim Kichko published Judaism Without Embellishment.92

1967 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

ʿAjjāj Nuwayhiḍ published his four-part Arabic conspiracy work Protocols of the Elders of Zion in two volumes.

1967 CE: ʿAjjāj Nuwayhiḍ published his four-part Arabic conspiracy work Protocols of the Elders of Zion in two volumes.93

ו׳ בכסלו ה׳תשל״ו 6th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5736Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 equated ציונות ẒIYONUT with racism.

ו׳ בכסלו ה׳תשל״ו 6th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5736: UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 equated ציונות ẒIYONUT with racism.95

1984 CEPrecision: year · Basis: not-assessed

Maḥmūd ʿAbbās published The Other Face: The Secret Relations between Nazism and Zionism.

1984 CE: Maḥmūd ʿAbbās published The Other Face: The Secret Relations between Nazism and Zionism.96

אלול ה׳תשמ״ו Elul, AM 5746Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed

Syrian defense minister Mustafa Tlass dated his introduction to the revised The Matzah of Zion, promoting the Damascus blood libel through ministerial authority.

אלול ה׳תשמ״ו Elul, AM 5746: Syrian defense minister Mustafa Tlass dated his introduction to the revised The Matzah of Zion, promoting the Damascus blood libel through ministerial authority.97

ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

حماس ḤAMĀS published a covenant joining its antizionist program to Jew-hating religious claims and conspiracy propaganda.

ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748: حماس ḤAMĀS published a covenant joining its antizionist program to Jew-hating religious claims and conspiracy propaganda.98

י״ד בתשרי ה׳תשנ״ג 14th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5753Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Catholic Church ordered publication of a Catechism making its Messiah's return depend upon recognition by all Israel.

י״ד בתשרי ה׳תשנ״ג 14th 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 5753: The Catholic Church ordered publication of a Catechism making its Messiah's return depend upon recognition by all Israel.99

י״ב באלול ה׳תשס״א 12th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5761Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Durban conference opened amid Jew-hating agitation at its parallel NGO forum; the forum's declaration was not the UN's final declaration.

י״ב באלול ה׳תשס״א 12th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5761: The Durban conference opened amid Jew-hating agitation at its parallel NGO forum; the forum's declaration was not the UN's final declaration.100

5762-12-26Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia newspaper Al-Riyadh published a blood libel about פורים PURIM.

5762-12-26: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia newspaper Al-Riyadh published a blood libel about פורים PURIM.101

י״ז באייר ה׳תשס״ד 17th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5764Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A published compilation of Muslim rulings claimed exclusive Islamic ownership of הכותל HAʾKOTEL and denied the claim of יהודים YEHUDIM.

י״ז באייר ה׳תשס״ד 17th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5764: A published compilation of Muslim rulings claimed exclusive Islamic ownership of הכותל HAʾKOTEL and denied the claim of יהודים YEHUDIM.102

י״ח באב ה׳תשע״ב 18th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5772Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The General Iftaa Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan published Nuh Ali Salman's fatwa declaring that the religious page of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL had to be closed and its prophets inherited by Islam's founder Mohamed.

י״ח באב ה׳תשע״ב 18th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5772: The General Iftaa Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan published Nuh Ali Salman's fatwa declaring that the religious page of עם ישראל AM YISRAʾEL had to be closed and its prophets inherited by Islam's founder Mohamed.104

ה׳ בתמוז ה׳תשע״ג 5th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5773Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Jordan's General Iftaa Department added Nuh Ali Salman's essay applying the stones-and-trees tradition to all יהודים YEHUDIM; its original print date in a military religious magazine remains unknown.

ה׳ בתמוז ה׳תשע״ג 5th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5773: Jordan's General Iftaa Department added Nuh Ali Salman's essay applying the stones-and-trees tradition to all יהודים YEHUDIM; its original print date in a military religious magazine remains unknown.105

ה׳ באייר ה׳תשע״ז 5th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5777Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

حماس ḤAMĀS published new principles distinguishing its stated enemy from יהודים YEHUDIM as a religion while continuing to reject the legitimacy of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.

ה׳ באייר ה׳תשע״ז 5th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5777: حماس ḤAMĀS published new principles distinguishing its stated enemy from יהודים YEHUDIM as a religion while continuing to reject the legitimacy of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL.106

ב׳ בשבט ה׳תש״פ 2nd 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5780Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Rashid Khalidi's The Hundred Years' War on Palestine framed ציונות ẒIYONUT and מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL as successive agents of a century-long colonial war.

ב׳ בשבט ה׳תש״פ 2nd 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5780: Rashid Khalidi's The Hundred Years' War on Palestine framed ציונות ẒIYONUT and מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL as successive agents of a century-long colonial war.107

י״א בשבט ה׳תשפ״ד 11th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5784Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

حماس ḤAMĀS published a defense of its October 7 terrorist attack, denying deliberate attacks on civilians.

י״א בשבט ה׳תשפ״ד 11th 𝑜𝑓 Ŝʾvat, AM 5784: حماس ḤAMĀS published a defense of its October 7 terrorist attack, denying deliberate attacks on civilians.108

כ״ח בסיון ה׳תשפ״ד 28th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5784Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The International Union of Muslim Scholars published al-Tihami Majouri's essay portraying יהודים YEHUDIM as inherently deceitful, racist and bent on worldwide control.

כ״ח בסיון ה׳תשפ״ד 28th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5784: The International Union of Muslim Scholars published al-Tihami Majouri's essay portraying יהודים YEHUDIM as inherently deceitful, racist and bent on worldwide control.109

כ״ג באב ה׳תשפ״ד 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5784Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

North Korea's Foreign Ministry published a Jew-hating attack on מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL that used Shylock's Jewish identity as a stereotype of Israeli brutality.

כ״ג באב ה׳תשפ״ד 23rd 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5784: North Korea's Foreign Ministry published a Jew-hating attack on מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL that used Shylock's Jewish identity as a stereotype of Israeli brutality.110

ז׳ באב ה׳תשפ״ו 7th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5786Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

New York City mayor Zohran Mamdani declared בנימין נתניהו BINYAMIN NETANYAHU unwelcome and called for the United States to arrest him, pronouncing the prime minister of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL a war criminal before trial.

ז׳ באב ה׳תשפ״ו 7th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5786: New York City mayor Zohran Mamdani declared בנימין נתניהו BINYAMIN NETANYAHU unwelcome and called for the United States to arrest him, pronouncing the prime minister of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL a war criminal before trial.111

Footnotes

  1. Mesha also attributes Moab's earlier subjection to Chemosh's anger against his own land: inscription and discussion. This is a comparison of arguments, not evidence that Christian or Muslim authors borrowed from this stele. For the early Christian claim of displacement, see Hein on dating Adversus Iudaeos,.
  2. UCL on the Merneptah Israel Stele,
  3. Louvre on the Mesha Stele,
  4. Jewish Museum on the Tel Dan Stele,
  5. British Museum on the Black Obelisk,
  6. Levin on Rabshakeh's speech,
  7. British Museum on the Lachish reliefs,
  8. British Museum on the Sennacherib Prism,
  9. Fischer-Bovet, The Power of Statues,
  10. Schwartz on the Alexandrian embassy,
  11. British Museum on Judaea Capta coinage,
  12. Berthelot on Titus's Circus Maximus arch,
  13. Parco archeologico del Colosseo on the Arch of Titus,
  14. Melito of Sardis, On Pascha,
  15. Lim on Celsus's True Doctrine,
  16. Hein on dating Adversus Iudaeos,
  17. BiblIndex on Cyprian's Testimonia,; Whelan, Serving the Christian State,
  18. BiblIndex on Cyprian's Testimonia,
  19. Edwards, The First Council of Nicaea,
  20. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  21. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  22. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  23. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  24. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  25. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  26. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  27. Chrysostom, Orations Against Judaizing Christians,
  28. Whelan, Serving the Christian State,
  29. Biblissima on the Theodosian Code, ; Whelan, Serving the Christian State,
  30. Justinian I, Summa rei publicae,
  31. Miller and Sarris, The Novels of Justinian, 948–949
  32. Academic study of Sisebut’s legislation,
  33. Freidenreich on Jews in canon law,
  34. König on the Seventeenth Council of Toledo,
  35. Price, Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea, ; Second Council of Nicaea, Canon VIII,
  36. Geschichtsquellen on Agobard's De insolentia Iudaeorum,
  37. Geschichtsquellen on Amulo,
  38. Al-Quran 29:46 establishes the claim to the same G-d, not by itself Jew-hatred: parallel translations. For Samawʾal's polemic, see Marazka, Pourjavady and Schmidtke, Ifḥām al-Yahūd: The Early Recension,; Perlmann, Ifḥām al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews,.
  39. Carpentieri on Abu Ishaq al-Ilbiri,
  40. Peter the Venerable, Against the Inveterate Obduracy of the Jews,
  41. Langmuir, Thomas of Monmouth,
  42. Marazka, Pourjavady and Schmidtke, Ifḥām al-Yahūd: The Early Recension,; Perlmann, Ifḥām al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews,
  43. https://ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/rigord
  44. RELMIN, Etsi Iudeos,
  45. Canons 68–69: https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp. The inherited calendar day conflicts with the council dates and requires a companion-article correction; RELmin/TELMA: https://telma-chartes.irht.cnrs.fr/en/165207.
  46. Gregory IX, Si vera sunt, ; Simonsohn, Apostolic See,
  47. Friedman, Hoff, and Chazan, Trial of the Talmud,
  48. Friedman, Hoff, and Chazan, Trial of the Talmud,
  49. Louis IX, Ordinance on the Rouelle,
  50. National Archives on the English expulsion writs,
  51. Alsace, Jewish Encyclopedia,
  52. France, Jewish Encyclopedia,
  53. Salgado, Rethinking the Coloniality of Race,
  54. Los manuscritos latinos del Fortalitium fidei,
  55. Some sources state Nisan II, but that is not the correct conversion from Julian (Mar. 31) to Gregorian (Apr. 09) which would necessarily be Nisan III. The confusion by one day seems to be because earlier in March, the gap between Gregorian and Julian went from eight days to nine days.
  56. e-rara first-edition record for Luther,
  57. https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9083-julius-iii-giovanni-maria-del-monte
  58. Braginsky Collection, Talmud-burning documents, ; Heller, Bath-Sheba/Moses de Medina,
  59. Stow, Cum nimis absurdum,
  60. Appel on Ahasuerus and literary antisemitism,
  61. Deutsche Biographie on Eisenmenger,
  62. Deutsche Biographie on Eisenmenger,
  63. Deutsche Biographie on Eisenmenger,
  64. GHDI on Maria Theresa’s expulsion decrees,
  65. Voltaire Foundation on the Dictionnaire philosophique,
  66. https://www.jhi.pl/en/articles/anniversary-of-the-pale-settlement-decree%2C243 ; https://easteurotopo.org/appendices/brockhaus-efron/pale/article1/The%20Residence%20and%20Movement%20of%20Jews%20Under%20Russian%20Law.pdf ; https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467338
  67. Yale on Wagner’s 1850 essay,
  68. Yale on Wagner’s 1850 essay,
  69. University of Basel on Wagner’s 1869 republication,
  70. GHDI on Marr’s 1879 pamphlet, ; USHMM, Antisemitism,
  71. https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10508-may-laws
  72. Cambridge study of Drumont,
  73. Riḍā, Khabar wa-iʿtibār, printed pp. 105–108; Beška, Responses of Prominent Arabs, printed pp. 35–37.
  74. De Michelis, The Non-Existent Manuscript, 7–8; USHMM, An Antisemitic Conspiracy,
  75. USHMM on Henry Ford and The International Jew,
  76. German Historical Museum on Der Stürmer,
  77. Historisches Lexikon Bayerns on Mein Kampf,
  78. Riḍā, Palestine land-sale fatwa,
  79. Al-Sādātī, Adūlf Hitlar,
  80. Rock-Singer, Sacralizing the Nation,
  81. QDL, IOR/R/15/2/310, fol. 102r, image 203/434.
  82. USHMM on the Nuremberg Laws,
  83. Küntzel, Nazi Propaganda in the Middle East, printed pp. 258–263; Sabry, Islam, Judentum, Bolschewismus, printed pp. 22–32.
  84. DÖW on Der Giftpilz,
  85. Father Coughlin and the Jews,
  86. For the explicit program of elimination, see Hamas, Covenant,, Articles 6, 11 and 13; for the later political formulation, Hamas, General Principles and Policies,, especially paragraphs 19–20. These documents establish that organization's demands, not the position of every author listed below.
  87. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Hajj Amin al-Husayni, ; The Arab War Effort, Document IV, printed pp. 41–42, PDF images 43–44/48.
  88. https://cgi.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/reference/primary/desmoinesspeech.html
  89. Shepard on Qutb and Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān, ; Karlığa on Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān,
  90. Qutb's July 1952 al-Muslimūn installment, ; Qutb's early Fī Ẓilāl parts, ; Al-Umaym on the edition history of Qutb's collection, ; Qutb, Ma'rakatuna ma'a al-Yahud,
  91. Shepard on Qutb and Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān, ; Qutb, Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān, 1959, ; Karlığa on Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān,
  92. Cambridge study of Kichko,
  93. Nuwayhiḍ, Arabic Protocols, vol. 1, ; Nuwayhiḍ, Arabic Protocols, vol. 2, ; USHMM, An Antisemitic Conspiracy,
  94. Al-Umaym on the edition history of Qutb's collection,
  95. UN General Assembly Resolution 3379,
  96. ʿAbbās, al-Wajh al-ākhar, title matter
  97. Tlass, The Matzah of Zion, Introduction
  98. Hamas, Covenant,
  99. John Paul II, Fidei depositum, ; Holy See, Catechism, §674,
  100. https://www.un.org/en/conferences/racism/durban2001; https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-212315/
  101. Klinghoffer, Blood Libel,
  102. Fatwa on the Wailing Wall,
  103. State Department documentation of the cartoon contest,
  104. Salman, Why Was There the Night Journey and Ascension?
  105. Salman, Land of the Prophets,
  106. Hamas, General Principles and Policies,
  107. Macmillan record for Khalidi's Hundred Years' War,
  108. Hamas, This Is Our Narrative, ; INSS on Hamas’s 2024 narrative,
  109. IUMS, archive 117453,
  110. DPRK Foreign Ministry, Poisonous Herb of Human Rights,; onABCD, DPRK Foreign Ministry reproduction,
  111. New York City mayor's video on Netanyahu,; New York City transcript of Mamdani's Netanyahu follow-up,