ניסן ד׳שפ״ד Nisan, AM 4384Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Chronology of
יהודים YEHUDIM during
the rise of Islam
אלול ד׳שפ״ה Elul, AM 4385Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Mohamed besieged the יהודים YEHUDIM of בני נדיר BNEI NADIR at Medina and expelled them after their surrender.
אדר ב׳ ד׳שפ״ז Adar II, AM 4387Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Quraysh and allied forces besieged Medina in the Battle of the Trench.
ניסן ד׳שפ״ז Nisan, AM 4387Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Mohamed's forces besieged the יהודים YEHUDIM of בני קורייט'ה BNEI KURAITHA at Medina after the coalition withdrew.
ניסן ד׳שפ״ז Nisan, AM 4387Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
חי בן אחיטוב ḤAI BEN AḪITOV (حيي بن أخطب ḤUYAYY IBN AKHṬAB), a leader of בני נדיר BNEI NADIR, was executed with the condemned men of בני קורייט'ה BNEI KURAITHA.
ניסן ד׳שפ״ז Nisan, AM 4387Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
כעב בן אסד KAʾAB BEN ASA'AD (كعب بن أسد KAʿB IBN ASAD), a leader of בני קורייט'ה BNEI KURAITHA, was executed after the surrender.
ניסן ד׳שפ״ח Nisan, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Mohamed and Quraysh concluded the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
סיון ד׳שפ״ח Sivan, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Mohamed led his forces against the יהודים YEHUDIM at חייבר ḤAIBAR, whose community included exiles from Medina.
תמוז ד׳שפ״ח Tamuz, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
מרחב בן אל-חארית' MARḤAB BEN ALʾḤARITH (مرحب بن الحارث MARḤAB IBN AL-ḤĀRITH) was killed defending חייבר ḤAIBAR.
תמוז ד׳שפ״ח Tamuz, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Mohamed's forces took חייבר ḤAIBAR through the capture and surrender of its forts.
תמוז ד׳שפ״ח Tamuz, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Cultivators among יהודים YEHUDIM remained in exchange for half the produce, under an arrangement reserving Muslim authority to remove them.
תמוז ד׳שפ״ח Tamuz, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Mohamed took צפיה בת חי ẒAFIYA BAT ḤAI (صفية بنت حيي ṢAFIYYA BINT ḤUYAYY) captive, then freed and married her.
תמוז ד׳שפ״ח Tamuz, AM 4388Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
זיינב בת אל-חארית' ZAYNAB BAT ALʾḤARITH (زينب بنت الحارث ZAYNAB BINT AL-ḤĀRITH) served poisoned lamb to Mohamed.
c. 638 CEPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed
Arab ruler ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab took ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM from the Byzantine Empire through its surrender.
How does Jew-hatred during this period
still shape Jew-hatred to this day?
Sacred victory
and diplomacy
אייר ה׳תשי״ט Iyar, AM 5719Precision: month · Basis: not-assessed
Fatah's founders invoked Al-Quran 110 when naming their movement.
כ״ט באייר ה׳תשנ״ד 29th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5754Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
יאסר ערפאת YASSER ARAFAT invoked Hudaybiyyah to present his interim agreement as a step toward taking ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
י״ב בכסלו ה׳תשנ״ה 12th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5755Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
יאסר ערפאת YASSER ARAFAT applied Al-Quran's account of entry into the sanctuary to his promised victory in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
Religious exclusion and historical erasure
כ׳ בניסן ה׳ס״א 20th 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5061Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Mamluk authorities enforced restrictions attributed to ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab against יהודים YEHUDIM and Christians.
AM 5439–5440Precision: range · Basis: not-assessed
Yemen's Zaydi ruler al-Mahdi Ahmad expelled יהודים YEHUDIM to Mawzaʿ.
ט״ז באב ה׳תשכ״ז 16th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5727Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Muslim jurists invoked the Night Journey, hadith and centuries of Muslim rule to claim exclusive ownership of sacred sites.
ד׳ בסיון ה׳תשס״א 4th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5761Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
יאסר ערפאת YASSER ARAFAT again invoked ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab's compact and the Night Journey while depicting the presence of יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM as a conspiracy of Judaization
.
י״ז באייר ה׳תשס״ד 17th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5764Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
A collection of rulings presented Ekrima Sabri's claim that Mohamed's tethering of al-Buraq made הכותל המערבי HAʾKOTEL HAʾMAARAVI Muslim property until Judgment Day.
ה׳ באלול ה׳תשס״ד 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5764Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
Ekrima Sabri invoked Muslim construction since the Umayyad period to declare buildings around הר הבית HAR HAʾBAYIT sacred endowments that could not become a בית כנסת BEIT KʾNESET (synagogue).
Conquest as permanent entitlement
ט״ו באייר ה׳תשל״ט 15th 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5739Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
The Organization of the Islamic Conference invoked the Night Journey and demanded the restoration
of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM to Arab Islamic sovereignty
.
ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
حماس ḤAMĀS invoked ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab's treatment of conquered land to declare ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL an irrevocable Islamic endowment.
Threats of murder
ה׳ באלול ה׳תשמ״ח 5th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5748Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed
حماس ḤAMĀS incorporated a saying attributed to Mohamed about killing יהודים YEHUDIM hiding behind stones and trees: murderous Jew-hatred written into a modern political program.
How are these dated?
Footnotes
- Newby, A History of the Jews of Arabia, 39–115; Lecker,
The Jews of Northern Arabia,
255–293 ↩ - Lecker, The “Constitution of Medina”, 1–44, 135–162 ↩
- Sahih al-Bukhari 2004, ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 363–364 ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 437–445 ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 450–460 ↩
- Al-Quran 33:26–27 describes killing, captivity and seizure of property without naming the group or counting the victims. Abdel Haleem, The Qur’an, 33:26–27. Ibn Ishaq reports mass execution of men and enslavement of women and children after surrender. Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 461–466. Scholars dispute the fuller account's exact numbers. Arafat,
New Light on the Story,
; Kister,The Massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa,
↩ - Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 461–464 ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 453–464 ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 466; Lecker,
The Itinerant Judaeo-Muslim Preacher,
585–604 ↩ - Lecker,
The Hudaybiyya-Treaty,
1–11 ↩ - Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 510–516 ↩
- Accounts differ over his combat and its place in the campaign. Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 513–514; Al-Tabari, The Victory of Islam, 116–126 ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 510–516 ↩
- Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 516–517 ↩
- Frenkel,
Adaptive Tactics,
364–389 ↩ - Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 514–515; Lecker,
The Jews of Northern Arabia,
283–293 ↩ - The campaign narratives report the poisoning but differ over her punishment and its later consequences. Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 516–517; Al-Tabari, The Victory of Islam, 130–131 ↩
- Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, 213–214; Gil, A History of Palestine, 70–71; Donner,
Arabic Fatḥ as ‘Conquest,’
1–14. This describes an expanding hierarchy and its later religious interpretation, not a fully formed legal system established at one moment. ↩ - Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, 213–214; Schick,
The Islamic Conquest,
68–84. The conquest's year is disputed; the linked article's inherited Nisan placement remains unverified and is not asserted here. ↩ - El-Awaisi,
Umar’s Assurance of Aman,
66, 73–74. The clause's authenticity and implementation are disputed. ↩ - Assaf,
על ראשית התישבותם של היהודים בירושלים אחרי הכבוש הערבי,
; Cambridge T-S Ar.6.1, Princeton Geniza Project, recto 12–19 and verso 1–17. This is a separate account, not the assurance's wording. Assaf tentatively dated the surviving leaf to the tenth or eleventh century; it supplies no exact arrival date. ↩ - Al-Tabari, The Conquest of Iraq,, annal for AH 20. The dated report concerns חייבר ḤAIBAR; it does not establish the simultaneous removal of every non-Muslim from the Hejaz. Munt,
“No two religions,”
249–269. ↩ - Abdel Karim,
Testimony,
14–16 ↩ - PASSIA, Documents on Jerusalem, vol. II, 51–52 ↩
- PASSIA, Documents on Jerusalem, vol. II, 51–52 ↩
- Arafat,
Speech at the 6th Anniversary,
↩ - Al-Maqrizi, al-Muqaffā al-kabīr, 309; Tsuji,
The Turning Point in the Mamluk Policy towards the Dhimmis,
169–170. These were later restrictions attributed to ʿUmar, not an uncontested surviving seventh-century document. The linked article explains the one-day dating discrepancy. ↩ - The expulsion extended into AM 5440 (1680). The anonymous manuscript is undated commentary, not the original signed decree. Encyclopedia of Yemenite Communities,
מַוְזַע,
; Faü,L’exil de Mawzaʿ, deuxième partie,
54–61; Gaimani, Rabbi Shalom Shabazi, English abstract, ↩ - Palestinian Muslim jurists,
Ruling by the Muslim Jurists,
rulings 2–5 ↩ - Arafat,
Speech to the OIC Foreign Ministers,
↩ Fatwa on the Wailing Wall,
↩Fatwa on the Wailing Wall,
↩- Sabri,
Fatwa … on the Sacredness of Buildings,
↩ - OIC,
Political Resolutions of the 10th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers,
Resolution 3/10-P ↩ - Hamas,
Covenant,
Article 11 ↩ - Hamas,
Covenant,
Article 7; Sahih Muslim 2922, ↩ - Walney, Protecting Our Democracy from Coercion, §§6.94–6.95 ↩
- Faizer,
Muhammad and the Medinan Jews,
463–489; Newby, A History of the Jews of Arabia, 78–115 ↩ - Jones,
The Chronology of the Maghazi,
245–280; Gautschy and Thomann,Dating Historical Arabic Observations,
163–166; Dershowitz and Reingold, Calendrical Calculations, ↩
Mohamed besieged the יהודים YEHUDIM of בני קינוקאע BNEI KAINUKA at Medina and expelled them after surrender.
Mohamed besieged the יהודים YEHUDIM of בני נדיר BNEI NADIR at Medina and expelled them after their surrender.
Quraysh and allied forces besieged Medina in the Battle of the Trench.
Mohamed's forces besieged the יהודים YEHUDIM of בני קורייט'ה BNEI KURAITHA at Medina after the coalition withdrew.
חי בן אחיטוב ḤAI BEN AḪITOV (حيي بن أخطب ḤUYAYY IBN AKHṬAB), a leader of בני נדיר BNEI NADIR, was executed with the condemned men of בני קורייט'ה BNEI KURAITHA.
כעב בן אסד KAʾAB BEN ASA'AD (كعب بن أسد KAʿB IBN ASAD), a leader of בני קורייט'ה BNEI KURAITHA, was executed after the surrender.
Mohamed and Quraysh concluded the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
Mohamed led his forces against the יהודים YEHUDIM at חייבר ḤAIBAR, whose community included exiles from Medina.
מרחב בן אל-חארית' MARḤAB BEN ALʾḤARITH (مرحب بن الحارث MARḤAB IBN AL-ḤĀRITH) was killed defending חייבר ḤAIBAR.
Mohamed's forces took חייבר ḤAIBAR through the capture and surrender of its forts.
Cultivators among יהודים YEHUDIM remained in exchange for half the produce, under an arrangement reserving Muslim authority to remove them.
Mohamed took צפיה בת חי ẒAFIYA BAT ḤAI (صفية بنت حيي ṢAFIYYA BINT ḤUYAYY) captive, then freed and married her.
זיינב בת אל-חארית' ZAYNAB BAT ALʾḤARITH (زينب بنت الحارث ZAYNAB BINT AL-ḤĀRITH) served poisoned lamb to Mohamed.
Arab ruler ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab took ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM from the Byzantine Empire through its surrender.
Fatah's founders invoked Al-Quran 110 when naming their movement.
יאסר ערפאת YASSER ARAFAT invoked Hudaybiyyah to present his interim agreement as a step toward taking ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
יאסר ערפאת YASSER ARAFAT applied Al-Quran's account of entry into the sanctuary to his promised victory in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM.
Mamluk authorities enforced restrictions attributed to ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab against יהודים YEHUDIM and Christians.
Yemen's Zaydi ruler al-Mahdi Ahmad expelled יהודים YEHUDIM to Mawzaʿ.
Muslim jurists invoked the Night Journey, hadith and centuries of Muslim rule to claim exclusive ownership of sacred sites.
יאסר ערפאת YASSER ARAFAT again invoked ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab's compact and the Night Journey while depicting the presence of יהודים YEHUDIM in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM as a
conspiracy of Judaization
.A collection of rulings presented Ekrima Sabri's claim that Mohamed's tethering of al-Buraq made הכותל המערבי HAʾKOTEL HAʾMAARAVI Muslim property until Judgment Day.
Ekrima Sabri invoked Muslim construction since the Umayyad period to declare buildings around הר הבית HAR HAʾBAYIT sacred endowments that could not become a בית כנסת BEIT KʾNESET (synagogue).
The Organization of the Islamic Conference invoked the Night Journey and demanded the
restoration
of ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM toArab Islamic sovereignty
.حماس ḤAMĀS invoked ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab's treatment of conquered land to declare ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL an irrevocable Islamic endowment.
حماس ḤAMĀS incorporated a saying attributed to Mohamed about killing יהודים YEHUDIM hiding behind stones and trees: murderous Jew-hatred written into a modern political program.