Chronology of
יהודים YEHUDIM
collaborating.

Collaboration can supply hostile powers with knowledge, administrators or public legitimacy from among the people they target. This chronology follows those relationships alongside rescue negotiations, coerced service and refusal. The distinction turns on what each person helped the hostile power do, what freedom remained and what happened to יהודים YEHUDIM.

ג׳ בתשרי ג׳של״ט 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 3339Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Assassination of גדליה בן אחיקם GEDALIAH BEN AHIKAM, whom Babylon had appointed to govern the surviving community.

ג׳ בתשרי ג׳של״ט 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Tiŝrei, AM 3339: Assassination of גדליה בן אחיקם GEDALIAH BEN AHIKAM, whom Babylon had appointed to govern the surviving community. His attempt to sustain life under the conqueror belongs here as a test of the accusation of betrayal, not proof of it.1

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AM 5000 — the Paris prosecution of התלמוד HAʾTALMUDPrecision: source-label · Basis: not-assessed

AM 5000 — the Paris prosecution of התלמוד HAʾTALMUD

AM 5000 — the Paris prosecution of התלמוד HAʾTALMUD: Nicolas Donin supplied Christian authorities with accusations against the text. His campaign led to confiscation and public burning, turning knowledge of יהדות YAHADUT into an instrument of Christian coercion.2

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י״ב באב ה׳כ״ג 12th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5023Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Pablo Christiani confronted הרמב״ן HAʾRAMBAN in a disputation imposed by Aragonian ruler James I.

י״ב באב ה׳כ״ג 12th 𝑜𝑓 Av, AM 5023: Pablo Christiani confronted הרמב״ן HAʾRAMBAN in a disputation imposed by Aragonian ruler James I. Royal compulsion made Christian mission an exercise of power over יהודים YEHUDIM, not a debate between equals.3

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א׳ באייר ה׳ר״ע 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5270Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Johannes Pfefferkorn's commission seized the books of יהודים YEHUDIM in Frankfurt.

א׳ באייר ה׳ר״ע 1st 𝑜𝑓 Iyar, AM 5270: Johannes Pfefferkorn's commission seized the books of יהודים YEHUDIM in Frankfurt. A convert's campaign placed communal learning at the mercy of Christian censorship.4

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י״ד בסיון ה׳ר״ע 14th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5270Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I ordered the seized books returned.

י״ד בסיון ה׳ר״ע 14th 𝑜𝑓 Sivan, AM 5270: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I ordered the seized books returned. Petitions to imperial authority helped resist the campaign that imperial authority had enabled.5

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י״ג בטבת ה׳תר״מ 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5640Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Death of יעקב Brafman YAʾAKOV, whose earlier Book of the Kahal recast communal institutions as a conspiracy against non-Jews and the Russian state.

י״ג בטבת ה׳תר״מ 13th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5640: Death of יעקב Brafman YAʾAKOV, whose earlier Book of the Kahal recast communal institutions as a conspiracy against non-Jews and the Russian state. His death dates this biographical entry, not the publication.6

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ג׳ באלול ה׳תרצ״ג 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5693Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The transfer agreement opened an escape route from Nazi Germany to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL, recovering part of emigrants' assets through German exports.

ג׳ באלול ה׳תרצ״ג 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5693: The transfer agreement opened an escape route from Nazi Germany to ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL, recovering part of emigrants' assets through German exports. Rescue and the anti-Nazi boycott came into direct conflict.7

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ט״ז בכסלו ה׳ת״ש 16th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5700Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi governor-general Hans Frank decreed councils of יהודים YEHUDIM in occupied Poland.

ט״ז בכסלו ה׳ת״ש 16th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5700: Nazi governor-general Hans Frank decreed councils of יהודים YEHUDIM in occupied Poland. The occupier made members of the persecuted population responsible for carrying out its orders.8

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י״ד באלול ה׳תש״ג 14th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5703Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Gestapo killed יעקב גנס YAʾAKOV GENS, head of the Vilna ghetto.

י״ד באלול ה׳תש״ג 14th 𝑜𝑓 Elul, AM 5703: The Gestapo killed יעקב גנס YAʾAKOV GENS, head of the Vilna ghetto. His policy of preserving the community through labor had included surrendering some people to protect others; it secured no lasting protection from the Nazis.9

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ג׳ בניסן ה׳תש״ד 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5704Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Nazi forces began the Children's Action in Kovno.

ג׳ בניסן ה׳תש״ד 3rd 𝑜𝑓 Nisan, AM 5704: Nazi forces began the Children's Action in Kovno. Members of the ghetto police refused under torture to disclose hiding places and were killed: coerced administration did not eliminate the possibility of resistance.10

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ב׳ בתמוז ה׳תשט״ו 2nd 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5715Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

A district court accepted most accusations of Nazi collaboration against ישראל קסטנר YISRAʾEL KASTNER in a libel prosecution.

ב׳ בתמוז ה׳תשט״ו 2nd 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5715: A district court accepted most accusations of Nazi collaboration against ישראל קסטנר YISRAʾEL KASTNER in a libel prosecution. He was a witness, not the criminal defendant.11

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כ״ה בטבת ה׳תשי״ח 25th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5718Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

The Supreme Court overturned most findings against ישראל קסטנר YISRAʾEL KASTNER, but upheld the finding concerning his postwar assistance to Kurt Becher.

כ״ה בטבת ה׳תשי״ח 25th 𝑜𝑓 Tevet, AM 5718: The Supreme Court overturned most findings against ישראל קסטנר YISRAʾEL KASTNER, but upheld the finding concerning his postwar assistance to Kurt Becher. Negotiating rescue and helping a Nazi official afterward required separate judgments.12

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כ׳ בכסלו ה׳תשס״ז 20th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5767Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

Delegates from נטורי קרתא NETUREI KARTA attended Iran's conference promoting denial of השואה HAʾŜOA.

כ׳ בכסלו ה׳תשס״ז 20th 𝑜𝑓 Kislev, AM 5767: Delegates from נטורי קרתא NETUREI KARTA attended Iran's conference promoting denial of השואה HAʾŜOA. Acknowledging the genocide did not prevent their participation from supplying the government's Jew-hating forum with representatives from among יהודים YEHUDIM.13

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י׳ בתמוז ה׳תשפ״ה 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5785Precision: day · Basis: not-assessed

During a visit to Brazil, ישראל דוד Weiss YISRAʾEL DAVID expressed solidarity with Iran's government and met its foreign minister.

י׳ בתמוז ה׳תשפ״ה 10th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5785: During a visit to Brazil, ישראל דוד Weiss YISRAʾEL DAVID expressed solidarity with Iran's government and met its foreign minister. His faction's antizionism supplied public support to a state opposing the sovereignty of יהודים YEHUDIM.14

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Footnotes

  1. Jeremiah 36–52, 40:7–41:18. The assigned date follows the commemoration and received chronology explained in the companion. ↩
  2. Friedman, Hoff, and Chazan, Trial of the Talmud, ↩
  3. Robert Chazan. Barcelona and Beyond: The Disputation of 1263 and Its Aftermath. Robert Chazan, Barcelona and Beyond, opening session on 20 July 1263 Julian. ↩
  4. Shamir, Confiscation Campaign, 61–68 ↩
  5. Jewish Museum Frankfurt, Confiscation of Books ↩
  6. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Kahal.; Glenn Dynner. Review of Haym Soloveitchik, Rupture and Reconstruction. Copy hosted by Haym Soloveitchik. December 28, 1879. ↩
  7. Yf'aat Weiss. The Transfer Agreement and the Boycott Movement: A Jewish Dilemma on the Eve of the Holocaust. Yad Vashem. Yf'aat Weiss, The Transfer Agreement and the Boycott Movement; Institute of National Remembrance. Event timeline, entry for August 25, 1933. English publication. Timeline, August 25, 1933. ↩
  8. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Ghettos symposium proceedings. Discussion of Hans Frank's November 28, 1939 decree. Discussion of Frank's November 28, 1939 decree. Earlier councils already existed; this was not the origin of every council. ↩
  9. Yad Vashem. Gens, Jacob. Shoah Resource Center. Yad Vashem, Gens, Jacob. ↩
  10. Yitzhak Arad. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. English text hosted by Yad Vashem. Yitzhak Arad, The Holocaust in the Soviet Union, 422–423. ↩
  11. Kasztner, Rezső (Rudolf). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Reproduced by Jewish Virtual Library. Encyclopaedia Judaica entry, judgment of June 22, 1955. ↩
  12. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Israel Court Exonerates Kastner; Finds His Accuser Guilty of Libel. January 20, 1958. January 20, 1958; Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Israel Supreme Court Clears Dr. Kastner of Collaboration with Nazis. January 16, 1958. January 16, 1958. The precise judgment/readout day requires reconciliation in the companion. ↩
  13. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Iran: Official Sanction Of Holocaust Conference Distresses Many. December 11, 2006.; The Guardian. Holocaust deniers gather in Iran for 'scientific' conference. December 2006. Aharon Cohen acknowledged the Holocaust; this does not establish an identical position for every attendee. ↩
  14. WANA News Agency. Anti-Zionist Rabbi Meets with Seyed Abbas Araghchi in Brazil. July 7, 2025. Published July 7, 2025. The report separates an earlier embassy visit from the ministerial meeting; it does not establish July 6 for both. The inherited day remains provisional. ↩