Day 227 of 599 of מלחמת העצמאות MILḤEMET HAʾAẒMAʾUT (War of Independence)

Israeli forces carried out the removal of Arab inhabitants from לוד LOD and רמלה RAMLA, including refugees who had already left other homes. People were directed eastward, on foot from לוד LOD and with vehicles used for part of the journey from רמלה RAMLA. Military signals and witness accounts support organized, coerced removal. event://5708־04־05־lydda־expulsion covers the order and July 12–14 implementation.^{1 2}

The July 13 diary says resistance at the station had ceased the previous night and Israeli forces entered in the morning. This is a military report, not proof that displaced people now had water, food or shelter. Families on the roads faced summer heat and uncertainty; later accounts describe suffering and deaths without a reconciled total.^{3 4}

The large estimates repeated for the two towns and wider operation use different population and geographical boundaries. They are not verified July 13 departure counts. Some residents remained. The later report of approximately 30, 000 refugees needing bread likewise concerns distress reported July 15, rather than a complete census of this day’s movement.⁵

Expulsion is supported here by an order and implementation. A separate denial of return for every household is not established by those facts alone. The uncertainty about totals cannot erase the coercion, and the coercion cannot supply missing individual casualty identities.

The cited record supports 13 July 1948. Its daytime portion is ו׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ח 6th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5708; after local sunset it is ז׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ח 7th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5708. This article uses ו׳ בתמוז ה׳תש״ח 6th 𝑜𝑓 Tamuz, AM 5708. This is the civil-day recap, not a claim that every component occurred on its daytime Hebrew date. Individual sections distinguish occurrence, orders, implementation, dispatch, publication and later testimony. July 13 principally records implementation of the July 12 expulsion order, not another order. ⁶

• Which source anchors the occurrence date rather than only the date of reporting?
• How do the day’s military and civilian developments illuminate the survival and responsibilities of מדינת ישראל MEDINAT YISRAʾEL?