Sargon II’s royal annals describe the relocation of the Tamud, Ibadidi, Marsimani and Haiapa groups to Samaria. Josette Elayi assigns the episode to the king’s seventh regnal year. The surviving account presents population transfer as an exercise of Assyrian imperial power; it is not a census of everyone who subsequently lived in the region.
Chronology of
non-Jewish colonization
of ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL
- Sargon II’s royal annals describe the relocation of the Tamud, Ibadidi, Marsimani and Haiapa groups to Samaria. Josette Elayi assigns the episode to the king’s seventh regnal year. The surviving account presents population transfer as an exercise of Assyrian imperial power; it is not a census of everyone who subsequently lived in the region.
- Sargon II’s inscription describes conquest at Ashdod followed by the importation of populations and an imperial governor. Shawn Zelig Aster reads the episode within the replacement of the local political order by Assyrian provincial rule.
- Hadrian’s Aelia Capitolina imposed a Roman colonial identity on ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM. The Israel Museum displays both a legionary dedication to the emperor and a coin depicting the colonial foundation. Together they make Roman political and religious claims over the city visible in surviving material evidence.
- Muawiya transferred Persians to coastal towns including עכו AKO in 42 AH, according to al-Baladhuri. A separate 49 AHorder assembled craftsmen for coastal naval production.
- The Arab Empire established رملة RAMLE as a planned provincial capital in the early eighth century and transferred inhabitants of Lod. Luz identifies יהודים YEHUDIM among those forced to move; the cited Arabic passage names Lod’s population collectively. 1 2
- Baldwin I encouraged Christians from the Petra region to settle in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM. Denys Pringle and Micaela Sinibaldi connect the transfer to the aftermath of the 1115 expedition and identify William of Tyre’s narrative as an important witness.
- The Maghrebi Quarter beside the western side of the Temple Mount is conventionally associated with the patronage of al-Afdal, son of Saladin, in 1193. It provided an institutional setting for Muslim residence and religious life linked to North Africa.
- ל׳ בחשוון ה׳פ״א30th of Ḥeŝvan, AM 5081The Abu Madyan endowment supplied property revenues for Maghrebi beneficiaries and institutions in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM. The cited documentary tradition associates it with property at Ayn Karim and near the Chain Gate. It strengthened an existing Muslim community rather than recording its first arrival.
- Named households endowed shares of Jindas in 867 and 868 AH, following a recorded state-treasury purchase. The acts established property rights in an existing village; they do not date migrant arrival.
- Selim’s transmitted 1516 endowment sustained a Sufi household at Deir al-Asad through residence and revenue rights. A later genealogy places residence in 916 AH; the biography separately reports Christian removal and names Süleyman. 3 4
- An imperial dedication in 1549 assigned a Mount Zion religious establishment to Ahmad al-Dajani, his descendants and Sufi followers. Implementation proceeded in stages; the cited account does not establish a Jewish-exclusion order. 5
- כ״ג בתשרי ה׳תקפ״ט23rd of Tiŝrei, AM 5589Administrative correspondence cited by Kressel and Aharoni concerns additional Hanadi settlement along the route through El Arish. The Eyalet of Egypt used settlement and tribal service in securing communications toward ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL.
- Kressel and Aharoni associate Ibrahim Pasha’s administration with Hanadi relocation from Sharqiyya toward the region northeast of עזה AZA in 1832. Their account links the movement to communications and security under the Eyalet of Egypt.
- כ״ט בתשרי ה׳תקצ״ז29th of Tiŝrei, AM 5597A letter attributed to Ibrahim Pasha authorized agricultural allotments for Hanadi settlers near עזה AZA. The published trail identifies Rustum’s documentary collection, volume 1, document 4738, as the source for the administrative act.
- ה׳תר״יAM 5610Falestin Naïli dates Baldensperger’s invitation to a German group to join the Artas settlement to February 1850. The invitation documents recruitment into a Christian agricultural community south of Bethlehem, rather than the first foundation of the locality.
- י״ג בתשרי ה׳תרכ״ז13th of Tiŝrei, AM 5627A consular-list transcription records the arrival of George Adams’s American group at Yafo with the intention of settlement. The group’s Christian colonial project is distinct from later Templer use of the same locality.
- Algerian Muslim migrants established the modern settlement at צמח ZEMAH during an estimated nineteenth-century period. Its establishment predates the railway; a precise founding year remains unestablished.
- י״ז באב ה׳תרכ״ח17th of Av, AM 5628Turkish Empire approved land, tax and military-service exemptions for Algerian migrants seeking relocation from Damascus to Kasriye in the Acre district. The published administrative dossier establishes approved privileges; completed arrival remains a separate question.
- י״ח בתשרי ה׳תר״ל18th of Tiŝrei, AM 5630Christian settlers laid the foundation stone of Haifa’s Templer community house. The leaders’ reported arrival on 30 October 1868 was an earlier settlement stage.
- An Arabic adaptation of Mustafa Abbasi’s research gives approximately 3,700 Algerian residents in the Tiberias and Safed districts in 1870. The original numerical source is traced through Buzpinar but has not been inspected for this account.
- ג׳ בחשוון ה׳תרל״ב3rd of Ḥeŝvan, AM 5632Christian settlers laid foundation stones for Sarona’s first houses. Eisler separately dates its inauguration to 27 August 1871; the two ceremonies must remain distinct.
- Christian settlers established the Rephaim community. Frank’s 1873 residence preceded school construction in November 1877 and leadership relocation in April 1878.
- Circassian migrants settled at Kfar Kama under the Turkish Empire. The recovered thesis supplies a 449-person register count; exact founding and arrival dates remain disputed.
- Circassian migrants from Rumelia settled at Rehaniya. The recovered thesis supplies a 126-person register count; the original allocation and founding date remain unresolved.
- Article 6 of an 1880 police regulation describes intermediaries obtaining Sudanese women and children and selling them to Bedouin traffickers, who smuggled them toward Gaza and other destinations for resale. The regulation instructs police to apprehend the intermediaries. The authority issuing the text was ordering suppression; it must not be described as organizing the trafficking.
- The Survey of Western Palestine describes Dayshum as a village of about 400 Algerian inhabitants, with houses, gardens and mills. The entry records an established community in northern ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL; the count is an estimate, not a census or a measurement of that year’s immigration.
- The Spafford family and their companions arrived in ירושלים YERUŜALAYIM in September 1881, according to the family history retold in Aramco World’s account of Bertha Vester. Their Christian communal project became known as the American Colony.
- כ״ו בתשרי ה׳תרמ״ב26th of Tiŝrei, AM 5642The Council of Ministers barred עולים OLIM from taking up residence in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL. Later newspaper and diplomatic reports described the restriction; the original minute is known through scholarly citations and remains unchecked against its scan.
- י״ט בתשרי ה׳תרמ״ג19th of Tiŝrei, AM 5643The Council of Ministers reaffirmed the restriction on עולים OLIM taking up residence in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL and directed officials to enforce it through entry, residence and land measures. The original memorandum remains unchecked against its scan.
- Bosnian Muslim families established a settlement at Caesarea with imperial permission in the early 1880s; Fischel and Kark give 1884. Seferović distinguishes self-financed construction from permission and records later business ties with neighboring יהודים YEHUDIM. 6
- Algerian migrant families settled at Husayniyya in the reported1886cohort. Newly identified administrative files distinguish land and title stages; allocation between Husayniyya and Tulayl remains disputed.
- כ׳ בטבת ה׳תרמ״ז20th of Tevet, AM 5647Fischel and Kark cite a Havazeleth report concerning settlers’ government employment and road work around Teveriya. The reference is potentially valuable because it connects residence with service to imperial administration rather than merely offering a foundation tradition.
- כ״ו בתשרי ה׳תרמ״ט26th of Tiŝrei, AM 5649Yannis Arab traces an additional Algerian influx into Hawsha to a report signed by Grucker on 1 October 1888. The reported summer movement involved more than 300 people. It concerns growth at an existing settlement, not Hawsha’s foundation.
- Al-Bashir reported a cohort of approximately100families and settlement exemptions. Abbasi identifies the27April1889issue; the original report and its destinations remain uninspected.
- כ״ה בכסלו ה׳תר״נ25th of Kislev, AM 5650A letter by Grazovsky to Eisenstadt, cited by Kressel and Aharoni through Droyanov’s documentary collection, describes Arab settlement in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL. The cited account identifies both migrants from the Nile region and Bedouin settlement as subjects of the account.
- ח׳ בתשרי ה׳תרנ״ב8th of Tiŝrei, AM 5652An Arabic petition discussed by Hargal represented 248 Algerian migrants and requested settlement assistance. The administrative proceedings passed through local and provincial authorities to the center; the study describes approval of aid including seeds and tools.
- Additional Algerian migrants settled at Hawsha in the reported1892cohort. Earlier press and consular reports describe separate influxes; later Arab Liberation Army use of the locality is documented in the linked settlement and battle articles.
- Khirbat al-Sarkas, also associated in the research with al-Ghaba near Caesarea, is a separate Circassian settlement candidate. Fischel and Kark point to Ghanayim and Ghanayim’s Arabic district history and to Norman Lewis for its history.
- Turkish Empire directed reconsideration of a plan to settle Algerian migrants near טבריה TEVERIYA. The26July1893reply sought dispersed settlement elsewhere; the earlier proposal is not evidence of completed foundation.
- The Turkish Empire established the modern administrative town of Beersheba in 1900, following an administrative authorization reported for June 1899. A contemporary report later described police barring Jewish families in 1936, and wartime reporting identifies Egyptian troops defending the town in 1948. 7 8 9
- ט״ז בניסן ה׳תרס״ג16th of Nisan, AM 5663Christian settlers inaugurated Wilhelma. Land acquisition in 1902 preceded this ceremony; financing had its own institutional history.
- כ״ה באלול ה׳תרס״ו25th of Elul, AM 5666A ceremony marking possession of land for the Templer colony of Bethlehem in the Galilee took place on 15 September 1906, according to the communal chronology.
- A reply dated 10 March 1908 concerned a planned building for 100 soldiers at Hafir. This dates an administrative stage of imperial garrison development, rather than first settlement. 11
- Kressel and Aharoni describe workers from the Upper Nile region and the Delta establishing permanent family accommodation near Ness Ziona during the 1920s. Their account draws on retrospective testimony. Shmuel Giler identifies the estate’s patron as Abdul Rahman Bey al-Taji and supplies dates for his residence and employment history.
- Yannis Arab reports a 1928 consular estimate of 4,000 Algerian Muslims in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL. The count concerns a resident population of North African origin, potentially including descendants born locally.
- כ״א באב ה׳תרצ״ב21st of Av, AM 5692On 23 August 1932, Söz reported Muslim Arab men obtaining Turkish Cypriot girls through payments to their families and taking them abroad. Osman Yıldız’s study reproduces the newspaper trail through Neriman Cahit’s research. It connects these transactions with destinations in ארץ ישראל EREẒ YISRAʾEL and elsewhere in the region.
- ד׳ בסיון ה׳תרצ״ה4th of Sivan, AM 5695At the Permanent Mandates Commission’s hearing on 5 June 1935, Lord Lugard cited a newspaper allegation that Arab men purchased girls in Cyprus. Moody confirmed cross-border marriages with Muslim women and girls from Cyprus, but rejected the characterization of the payments as purchases. He described certificates from district qadis and asserted that consent was protected.
- ג׳ בניסן ה׳תש״ח3rd of Nisan, AM 5708Arab Liberation Army forces used Hawsha and al-Kasayir as positions for firing toward רמת יוחנן RAMAT YOHANAN and its field workers. Incoming troops remain distinct from the Algerian-origin households.
- י״א באייר ה׳תש״ח11th of Iyar, AM 5708Invading troops advanced from Samakh’s police fort against דגניה DEGANIA. The locality also held a forward headquarters and ammunition depot; the defenders defeated the attack.